2+WB

- Renal pelvis

Urine production: - Urine is produced by Nephrons

Nephron parts: - Glomerular capsule filters the bloodstream - Proximal convoluted tubule stores energy - Loop of henle absorbs water - Distal convoluted tubule moves blood molecules

Carbohydrates: Function: - Store and create energy

Structure of a simple carbohydrate: - Monosaccharide o Means number or carbon atoms are low = simple sugar - Glucose is a simple sugar

Structure of a complex carbohydrate: - Polysaccharide - Starch is a complex carbohydrate.

Starch: - Form of glucose - Can be made up of nearly 4,000 glucose chains

Glycogen: - Form of glucose - When the liver stores glucose, glycogen is produced

Cellulose: - Found in the walls of plants

Low carbohydrate diets: - Advantage: o Weight is shed quickly - Disadvantage: o Once diet is stopped, weight is easily gained back o Heart problems are possible

“Sweet Poison” - Carbohydrates are sweet tasting, but too many can lead to serious health problems

Lactose intolerance: - Causes: o Some humans lack the enzyme called lactase, so lactose cannot be digested - Effects: o Gas, diarrhea, bloating, stomach aches - Those who are lactose intolerant can still eat products such as cheeses and yogurts, because the lactose is already broken down before the food is consumed.

Sweatology:

Sweat is like a personal air-conditioner: - Sweat can either heat or cool the body, allowing us to maintain a steady body temperature in different environments.

Body cooling: - The human body can withstand cooling at -20°.

Body heating: - The human body cannot stand up to over-heating. Any temperature over 110° would be fatal in a short time.

Sweat glands: - Humans have evolved to have less and less body hair. - Sweat glands formed where hair used to be.

Amount of sweat glands: - Factors: o Sex o Age o Weight - Size: o Heavier people will have larger sweat glands. - Number: o Two to four million

Menopause - Sweat glands act as if the body is warming, and produce unnecessary sweat.

Aging: - As humans grow older, they tend to sweat less. - This can be dangerous, because elderly people are left without a cooling system in extreme heat situations.