Stomach+and+Intestine+JO

Stomach:** thick walled, j-shaped organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm.
 * 8.3 Stomach to Small Intestine
 * Rugae**: the deep folds that disappear as the stomach fills up
 * Gastric glands**: producers of gastric juice
 * Pepsin**: protein digester as well as hydrochloric acid and mucus
 * Small intestine**: paired with the large intestine, should be called long instead. Named for the diameter.
 * Duodenum**: the name of the first 25 cm of the small intestine
 * Bile**: emulsifies fat
 * Lipase**: hydrolyzed fat into glycerol and fatty acids, located in pancreas
 * Villus**: the finger like protection on the inside of the intestine, gives it a soft appearance.
 * Lacteal**: blood capillaries and lymphic capillaries
 * Lactose** **intolerance**: people who do not have the correct enzyme, lactase, to break down milk into sugars.

(**1) What are the functions of the stomach?** The stomach stores food and starts the digestion of proteins. It also controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine. The only thing that can be absorbed by the stomach is alcohol and fat.

Two layers of muscles, the oblique layer allows the stomach to stretch and to mechanically break down food. The rugae, gastric glands and pepsin are also part of the stomach structures; their jobs are discussed above.
 * (2) What are the structures of the stomach that perform these functions and describe their role?**

(**3) What are the functions of the small intestine?** Digestion is completed in the small intestine; also the nutrients are absorbed.

(**4) What are the structures of the small intestine that perform these functions and describe their role?** The wall of the intestine controls the absorption; the mucosa is designed specifically for absorption. The other structures such as duodenum, bile, lipase, villus and lacteal are defined above.


 * 8.4 Three Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions**
 * Pancreas**: a fish shaped, spongy, grayish pink organ that stretches across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
 * Pancreatic** **amylase**: digests starch
 * trypsin**: digests protein
 * Lipase**: digests fat
 * Hormone**: a substance produced by one set of cells that affects a different set of cells. (Example blood cells and insulin (produced by pancreas))
 * Liver:** the largest and major metabolic gland in the body lies mainly in the upper right section of the abdominal cavity, under diaphragm. (Contains lobules that serve as its structural and functional units.
 * Bile**: a yellowish green color that contains bilirubin, which is the breakdown remnants of hemoglobin, stored in gall bladder
 * Bladder:** pear shaped organ just below liver; where bile is stored.

(5) What are the three main accessory organs that assist with the digestive process? Describe how each contributes to the digestion of food. The nervous system and digestive hormones control the secretions of digestive juices. Mainly all functions are regulated by the secretions and juices that are involved in the digestive process.
 * (6) How are digestive secretions regulated in the body?**

Large intestine:** includes the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. They are larger in diameter then the small intestine but shorter in length.
 * 8.5 The Large Intestine and Defecation
 * Cecum**: lies below the junction of the large and small intestine. It is usually the home of the appendix, (the small projection off the side of it)
 * Vermiform appendix:** located on the Cecum can sometimes help fight off infection but is not vital to the bodies’ survival.
 * Colon**: includes the ascending, transverse and descending colon. One moves up to the liver lever the other crosses the abdominal cavity and the final one passes down he left side of the body. The sigmoid colon is the last 20cm of the large intestine and enters the rectum.

Discussed above
 * (7) What are the different parts of the large intestine?**

The function is to absorb water and vitamins. It also forms feces and goes through defecation.
 * (8) What is the function of the large intestine?**