Cancer+questions-Faith

__**Cancer Questions**__
**apoptosis**-programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell **metastisis**-spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body and is caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues **tumor**-cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division benign tumors remain at the site of origin and malignant tumors metastasize **oncogenes**-cancer causing gene **growth factor**-chemical signal that regulates mitosis and differentiation of cels that have receptors for it and is important in such processes as fetal development tissue maintenance and repair and hematopoiesis sometimes a contributing factor in cancer **tumor suppressor gene**-gene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses cell division inactivity can lead to a tumor **oncology**-the study of cancer **sarcoma**-cancer thata arises in muscles and connective tissues **leukemia**-cancer of the blood forming tissues leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells
 * telomeres**-tip of the end of a chromosome
 * proto-oncogenes**-normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation
 * carcinoma-**cancer arising in epithelial tissue
 * lymphoma**-cancer of lymphatic tissue

1. What do cancer cells look like? 2. What is unusual about the nuclei of cancer cells? 3. Why don't cancer cells die? 4. Describe the three phases of the development of cancer. 5. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth? 6. What is p53? How does it cause cancer? 7. What is RB? How does it cause cancer? 8. What are the most common cancers cases for males and females? 9. What are the most common cancer deaths for males and females?
 * `the chromosome is abnormal and has unlimited replication potential
 * it is enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes
 * the genes make extra copies of specific genes
 * **Initiation**-a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to divide repeatedly
 * **Promotion**-a tumor develops and the tumor cells continue to divide. As they d ivide they undergo mutations
 * **Progressions**-once cell undergoes a mutation that gives it a selective advantage over the other cells. This process is repeated several times and eventually there is a cell that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues
 * proto-oncogenes
 * tumor-suppressor genes
 * it is a transcription activator instrumental in stopping the cell cycle and activating repair enzymes
 * the protein promotes apoptosis which programs cells death
 * it controls the activity of transcription activator for cyclin D and other genes
 * if too much active cyclin D is in the cell
 * prostate
 * lung cancer
 * colon/rectum cancer
 * pancreas, stomach, and esophogus cancer
 * Thyroid cancer
 * Breast cancer in women
 * lung cancer
 * prostate and breast cancer
 * colon and rectum cancer
 * pancreas and ovary cancer
 * Leukemia