19.1+cancer+cells


 * Apoptosis**: a programmed cell death
 * Telomeres**: Chromosomes in human cells with special repetitive DNA sequences
 * Tumor:** Cancer cells that have lost all restraint, they pile on up of one another and grow in multiple layers.
 * Carcinogenesis:** The development f cancer, is a multistage process that can be divided into thes three phrases
 * Initiation:** a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to began to divide repeatedly.
 * Promotion:** a tumor develops, and the tumor cells continue to divide. As they divide they undergo mutations.
 * Progression:** One cell undergoes a mutation that gives it a selective advantage over the other cells. This process is repeated several times, and, eventually, there is a cell that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues.
 * Angiogenesis:** The formation of new blood cells.
 * Metastasis:** When cells begin new tumors far from the primary tumor.
 * Proto-oncogenes:** the code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. They are ofter likened to the gas pedal of a car because they cause acceleration of the cell cycle.
 * Tumor-suppressor genes:** Cone for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. They are often likened to the breaks of a car because they inhibit acceleration.
 * Oncogenes**: When proto-oncogenes mutate, they become cancer causing genes.
 * Growth factor:** A signal that activated a cell signaling pathway, resulting in cell division.
 * Oncology:** The study of cancer and
 * Oncologist:** a medical specialist in cancer.
 * Carcinomas:** The cancers of the epithelial tissues and adenocarcinomas are cancers of Glandular epithelial cells.
 * Sarcomas**: Cancers that arise in muscles and connective tissue, such as bone and fibrous connective tissue.
 * Leukemias**: cancers of the blood
 * Lymphomas:** Cancers of the lymphatic tissue.

Questions: 1. What characteristics of cancer cells allow them to grow uncontrollably? The tissue that lines the respiratory and digestive tracts, are more likely to become cancerous. Cell division gives them tha ability to produce more of its own kind. 2. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth? The proto-oncogenes The tumor-suppressor genes 3. What are the most common types of cancer? Lung cancer, colon cancer, Thyroid cancer, Breast cancer, oral cavity cancer.