for+the+test-rebecca'

__//**NUTRITION!**//__ 1.Why do we need to eat? -energy -matter- the building blocks to build cells. - we have to eat because we lose matter, and then we have to replace that matter we lose. - we lose cells, waste, exercise,

2. **calories**- energy - how much energy is in that food. - we end up consuming too many calories.

3. **Fat** - why do we need fat? - insulation. - it stores long term energy - it makes the cell membrane. The fat is the barrier made of lipids around the cell membrane.

fats that you should avoid= - **saturated fats-** come from animals - solid at room temp.


 * tans fat-** man made fat. ITS REALLY BAD FOR YOU!!!

4. cholesterols- - don't need a lot in your diet. - can heart disease - to much salt causes high blood pressure

Fat, sodium, and cholesterol- you need them in your diet, but not a lot.

5. **CARBS** good carbs= fiber - plant material, where you can tell where it came from a plant. Its not pure sugar.

bad carbs= PURE SUGAR

6. **Protein** - anything a cells does is done by a protein. - cells need to know how to make a protein - proteins are made out of amino acids- we eat this so we know how to make out our porteins. This is the building blocks for our body to make our own portein. - there are 20 different amino acids. - humans can only make 10 of these, we HAVE to eat the rest. - if you don't eat them, you will die. YOU HAVE TO HAVE PROTEIN IN YOUR DIET!! -foods you shoudl eat: animals - eating other animals will allow you to have a lot of protein, - ANIMAL MUSCLES - vegetarians eat dairy, milk, eggs, - vegan's eat rice and beans, corn, pasta

- carrots
 * Vitamin A-** blindness- VISION

- sailors get a disease called SKIRBY! - vitamin c makes collagen. - you find collagen is found in your lips - you can inject this into your body. -25% of our body is made of collagen
 * Vitamin C-** Helps your immune system


 * Calcium**= build bones

Iron- Red blood cells. - you are going to feel tired is you have low iron.

1. look for serving size.
 * Serving sizes are standardized to make it easier to compare similar foods; UNITS: cups or pieces, "The size of the serving on the food package influences the number of calories and all the nutrient amounts listed on the top part of the label."

2. look for calories:
 * "Calories provide a measure of how much energy you get from a serving of any food. Many people eat more calories than they need without meeting recommended intakes for a number of nutrients. The calorie section of the label can help you manage your weight."

"3. and 4: **Limit these Nutrients.** Eating too much fat, saturated fat, //trans// fat, cholesterol, or sodium may increase your risk of certain chronic diseases, like heart disease, some cancers, or high blood pressure. Most don't get enough dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron in their diets. **Get Enough of these Nutrients**. Eating enough of these nutrients can improve your health and help reduce the risk of some diseases and conditions. For example, getting enough calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, a condition that results in brittle bones as one ages. Eating a diet high in dietary fiber promotes healthy bowel function. Additionally, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease."

5. footnotes: It doesn't change from product to product, because it shows recommended dietary advice for all Americans--it is not about a specific food product. bases on a 20

Two alpha subunits and two beta subunits make up the** **insulin receptor. The beta subunits pass through the cellular membrane and are linked by [|disulfide bonds]. The main activity of activation of the insulin receptor is inducing glucose uptake. For this reason "insulin insensitivity", or a decrease in insulin receptor signaling, leads to [|diabetes mellitus type 2] - the cells are unable to take up glucose, and the result is hyperglycemia (an increase in circulating glucose), and all the sequelae which result from diabetes. Patients with [|insulin resistance] may display [|acanthosis nigricans]. A few patients with homozygous mutations in the INSR gene have been described which causes [|Donohue Syndrome] or Leprechaunism. In most cases the outlook for these patients is poor with death occurring in the first year of life.**
 * Insulin receptor: the insulin receptor is a [|transmembrane] [|receptor] that is activated by [|insulin]. It belongs to the large class of [|tyrosine kinase receptors].

DIABETES: The body's response to blood sugar requires the coordination of an array of mechanisms. Failure of any one component involved in insulin regulation, secretion, uptake or breakdown can lead to the build-up of glucose in the blood. Likewise, any damage to the beta cells, which produce insulin, will lead to increased levels of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. Whereas non-diabetics produce insulin to reduce elevated blood glucose levels after a meal, the blood glucose levels of diabetics remain high. This can be due to insulin not being produced at all, or not in quantities sufficient to be able to reduce the blood glucose level. The most common forms of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes- mostly kids which is an autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells, and Type 2 diabetes - mostly adults, which is associated with insufficient insulin. In either case, diabetes complications are severe and the disease can be fatal if left untreated. Insulin is the foundation for the management of insulin-dependent diabetes. Unfortunately, the use of insulin is not a cure nor without side effects. Insulin is also not completely effective in preventing complications of the disease such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure.

insulin receptors: Don't receive signals of insulin. your body and proteins wont signal that they need insulin, and your body wont make enough, or will make too much. I

The liver is the largest organ in the body. It is found high in the right upper abdomen, behind the ribs. It is a very complex organ and has many functions. They include: sources wikipedia, http://www.gicare.com/pated/ecdlv37.htm,
 * The Liver**
 * Storing energy in the form of sugar (glucose)
 * Storing vitamins, iron, and other minerals
 * Making proteins, including blood clotting factors, to keep the body healthy and help it grow
 * Processing worn out red blood cells
 * Making bile which is needed for food digestion
 * Metabolizing or breaking down many medications and alcohol
 * Killing germs that enter the body through the intestine