Human+evolution+hw-+kat

= = =22.3 Classification of Humans (p.475-477)=
 * //Know that the number of differences in DNA or amino acid sequence indicates evolutionary relatedness. Fewer differences and the two species are more closely related.//
 * //Know the basic human family tree. Closest and most distant primate relatives and those in between.//
 * //Know that chromosome banding patterns can also indicate evolutionary relatedness. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and Chimps have 24. Know the probable explanation for this difference.//

1. How are humans classified from domain to species?
 * 1) **Domain Eukarya**: membrane-bound nucleus
 * 2) **Kingdom Animalia**: multicellular, motile, heterotrophic
 * 3) **Phylum Chordata**: sometime in life history: dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches
 * 4) **Class Mammalia:** vertebrates with hair, mammary glands
 * 5) **Order Primates**: well-developed brain, adapted to live in trees
 * 6) **Family Hominidae**: adapted to upright stance and bipedal locomotion
 * 7) **Genus Homo**: most developed brain, made and used tools
 * 8) **Species Homo Sapiens:** modern humans, speech centers of brain well-developed

2. What are the characteristics of primates? The characteristics of primates include having well developed brains and they are adapted to live in trees.

3. What major differences exist between the chimpanzee skeleton and the human skeleton? The major differences that exist between the chimpanzee skeleton and the human skeleton are:
 * 1) Human spine exits from the center, ape spine exits from the rear of the skull
 * 2) Human spine is s-shaped, ape spine has a slight curve.
 * 3) Human pelvis is bowl-shaped, ape pelvis is longer and more narrow.
 * 4) Human femurs angle inward to knees, ape femurs angle out a bit.
 * 5) Human knee can support more weight than an ape knee.

22.4 Evolution of Hominids 4. Which fossil hominid is the oldest of the australopithecines? The oldest fossil hominid of the australopithecines was Lucy.

5. Which hominid is the first to have culture? Explain. The hominid that was first to have culture was the Homo Habilis. This was because parts of their brains that were associated with speech were much larger than other parts of the brain. This could have lead them to be able to make hunting groups for hunters and gatherers. This could have lead to a society and culture.

6. Which hominid was the first to migrate out of Africa? The first hominid that was first to migrate out of Africa was Homo Eragster.

7. How might Homo habilis, living 2 MYA, have differed from the austropithecines? Homo Habilis had more capacity in their brains for speech, which lead them to make hunting groups.

8. How might Homo erectus, living about 1.9-1.6 MYA, have differed from Homo habilis? Homo Erectus differed from Homo Habilis because Homo Erectus had larger brains and a flatter face. Their noses projected which was more adaptive to hot, dry climates because it permits water to be removed before air leaves the body. They also were the first hominids to use fire and more advanced tools such as teardrop- shaped axes and cleavers.

9. What is the out-of-Africa hypothesis and what bearing does it have on the evolution of humans? __The out-of-Africa hypothesis proposes that H.sapiens evolved from H.erectus only in African, and tehreafter H.sapiens migrated to Europe and Asai about 100,000 years BP (before present).__

10. How do Cro-Magnons, the first of the modern humans differ from the other species in the genus Homo? Cro-Magnons differ from the other species in the genus Homo because they made advanced stone tools, may have been the first to throw spears, which enabled them to kill animals from a distance, and made knifelike blades. They were also accomplished hunters, and they may be the reason why some mammals are extinct like the giant sloth, the mammoth, the saber-toothed tiger, and the giant ox.