Aubrey+M

What process makes copies of a specific DNA sequence? PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)

How much DNA is required at the start for this process to work at amplifying (copying) this target sequence? The targeted sequence can be less than one part in a million of the total DNA sample.

Why would this process be useful in analyzing the DNA in mummified human brains? so little DNA is required for PCR to work, it’s even been possible to sequence DNA taken from mummified human brains.

How can the repeat DNA sequences in a human DNA sample be detected? DNA fingerprinting is often carried out by detecting how many times a short sequence is repeated. The greater the number of repeats at a location, the greater amount of DNA that is amplified by PCR. If two DNA patterns match, there is a high probability that the DNA came from the same source.

How do organisms differ with respect to the repeats? PCR amplifies only particular portions of the DNA. Therefore, the greater the number of repeats at a location, the greater the amount of DNA that is amplified of PCR.

Which process can separate amplified (copied) DNA based on its size? gel electrophoresis

What type of pattern is produced? result is a pattern of distinctive bands.

As the number of repeats increases in a human DNA segment, what will happen to the size of that segment. size of the segment will double.

When comparing band patterns to identify the human individual that was the source of the DNA is called? DNA fingerprinting.

Why do individuals have unique DNA fingerprints? Each sperm and egg combination produces a unique fingerprint for that human.

Describe FOUR of the uses of DNA fingerprinting. DNA from a single sperm is enough to identify a suspected rapist, criminal, body remains and infections.

DNA Fingerprinting and the Criminal Justice System (p.464) Would you be willing to provide your DNA for a national DNA databank? Why or Why not? No, stay out of my life gov.

What type of privacy restrictions would you want on your DNA, if in a databank? Don’t touch my DNA

If not everyone, do you think convicted felons, at least, should be required to provide DNA for a databank? Why or why not? Yes, it would help us identify them and possibly catch them rather than keeping others in danger.

Should all defendants have access to DNA fingerprinting to prove they didn't do a crime? Why or Why not? No, it must be secure

Should this include those already convicted of crimes who want to reopen their cases using new DNA evidence? Yes, find em’ and land them in jail

Human Interference with the water cycle (p.499) 1. What are the three ways humans disrupt the natural water cycle? They take water from aquifers, clear vegetation from land and construct roads and buildings that prevent percolation and increase icky runoff and also interfere with the natural processes that clean water and instead dump pollutants like sewage and chemicals to water.

2. What is groundwater mining and what is the danger of this process? Groundwater mining is taking from aquifers that exceed any possibility of refilling. This could lead to residents that may run out of groundwater at least for irrigation.

3. Why is it possible to run out of freshwater, a renewable resource? Freshwater only makes up about 3% of the world’s water supply and new supplies are always being made. It’s possible to run out when the available supply runs off instead of entering bodies of freshwater and aquifers or has become so nasty that it’s not usable.

Human Interference with the carbon cycle (p.501) 1. How are humans increasing the amount of carbon dioxide being deposited in the atmosphere on top of "natural" sources? We burn a lot of fossil fuels and kill a lot of trees

2. What are the greenhouse gases and what are the human causes of these gases? Nitrous oxide from fertilizers and animal wastes and methane from bacterial decomposition, particularly in the guts of animals in sediments and in flooded rice paddies.

3. Why are these gases called greenhouse gases? Because they are similar to a greenhouse, they allow solar radiation to get in but hinder the escape of infrared rays back into space.

4. What are some possible dangers of global warming? If the Earth’s temperature rises, more water will evaporate, forming more clouds and setting up a positive feedback effect that could increase global warming. If so, glaciers will melt and sea levels will rise, not only due to this melting but also because water expands as it warms. Water evaporation will increase and most likely there will be increased rainfall along the coasts and dryer conditions inland.

Human Interference with the Ozone Shield (p.506) 1. What are the ozone shield and what chemical reaction produces ozone? A layer of ozone that absorbs most of the ultraviolet rays of the sun so that fewer rays strike the Earth. Ozone forms when ultraviolet radiation form the sun splits oxygen molecules and then the oxygen atoms combine with other oxygen molecules to produce ozone (O3). 2. What are ozone holes? Severe depletions of the ozone layer. 3. Why are ozone holes dangerous to humans? The holes cause for a rise in cataracts and nonmelanoma skin cancers for every 10% drop in the ozone level. 4. What human pollution destroys ozone molecules? Chlorine atoms. 5. What are common sources of chlorine pollution? CFC is Freon, a coolant found in refrigerators and air conditioners. These are also used as cleaning agents and foaming agents during the production of Styrofoam.

Human Interference and the Arctic (p. 507) 1. What does ANWR stand for and what is it? Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a home for a variety of wildlife and also contains substantial oil reserves. 2. Why is ANWR the source of political debate? This is up for debate due to the designation of off limits of oil drilling without congressional authorization. 3. What are the benefits of drilling for oil in ANWR? By using the newest drilling methods removing the oil and disposing of wastes would cause much less disruption to the surface environment compared with techniques used in the past. Alaskans would benefit by the creation of new jobs and a boost to the state economy. 4. What are the risks of drilling for oil in ANWR? reduced need for energy by making better use of existing resources.

STDs SCI Human Biology - 1 Assigned: 12/1 Due: 12/2 STDs (a wiki assignment--Outbreak Unit) Information Can Be Found in the Chapter for the Reproductive System pp.336-339.

STDs Caused by Viruses (Describe virus, symptoms, treatment) HIV infection, cannot be cured and causes infection and immunodeficiency

Genital Warts warts on the genitals, very painful Genital Herpes, not as serious as HIV but still incurable, itching Hepatitis, very serious, causes sever illness

STDs Caused by Bacteria (Describe bacteria, symptoms, treatment) Chlamydia, icky vaginal discharge and infection Gonorrhea, makes it burn when you pee Syphillis, eats away at you brain and is usually fatal

Preventing Transmission of STDS (Outline each) Sexual activities that Transmit STDs, anal, oral, regular Safer Sex Activites, hugging, kissing Drugs Transmit STDs, sharing syringes

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Define: apoptosis=programmed cell death, telomeres= A telomere is a region of repetitive DNA at the end of chromosomes, which protects the end of the chromosome from destruction, metastasis=how cancer speads to the rest of the body, tumor=the growth of cancer cells, proto-oncogenes=when deregulated causes cancer, oncogenes=protein encoding gene, growth factor=how fast something grows, tumor suppressor gene=antioncogene that stops the cancer process, oncology=diagnosis of cancer, carcinoma=malignant cancer, sarcoma=cancer of supportive tissue, leukemia=caner of blood or bone marrow, lymphoma-cancer that affects the lymph nodes

1. What do cancer cells look like? Spiky 2. What is unusual about the nuclei of cancer cells?

3. Why don't cancer cells die? High levels of leupin

4. Describe the three phases of the development of cancer. Stage 1

The cancer is less than 2 centimeters in size (about 1 inch), and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area (lymph nodes are small almond shaped structures that are found throughout the body which produce and store infection-fighting cells). Stage 2

The cancer is more than 2 centimeters in size, but less than 4 centimeters (less than 2 inches), and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area. Stage 3

Either of the following may be true: The cancer is more than 4 centimeters in size. The cancer is any size but has spread to only one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer. The lymph node that contains cancer measures no more than 3 centimeters (just over one inch).

5. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth? They are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

6. What is p53? How does it cause cancer? It is a tumor protein, it regulates the cell cycle

7. What is RB? How does it cause cancer? It is a tumor suppressor, and it causea cancer when it stops working right

8. What are the most common cancers cases for males and females? Lung, prostate, breast 9. What are the most common cancer deaths for males and females? Lung, prostate

Meiosis and mitosis are two different ways cells are produced. Meiosis produces more cells in the same amount of time as mitosis. Meiosis is used for asexual reproduction where as mitosis is meant for two animals so the 23 chromosomes of both. Meiosis is used for things like reproducing skin cells and mitosis is used for making babies.

1. The article begins by mentioning two important people with cancer. Who is Elizabeth Edwards? Who is Tony Snow? (This article was written 03/07/07. As a part of this question find out what has happened in the year and a half since this article was written with respect to the cancer of Ms. Edwards and Mr. Snow. Include a link to your sources.) Elizabeth Edwards is John Edwards’s wife and Mr. Snow is Bush’s pres secretary, they both got metastasis cancer

2. What is a metastatic cancer cell? Cancer that returns

3. Why does the author call cancer cells barbarians and cannibals? Because they eat other cells and steal nutrients

4. What do we know about the events that transform a normal cell to a cancer cell? When the body tells a cell to be one thing or the other something goes wrong and the cell multiplies and none of the cells die

5. Why is harder to study metastatic cancer cells? You basically have to have someone with metastatic cancer

6. How many cells do primary tumors shed each day (in a rodent)? Yet how many metastatic tumors do these rodents have? Billions, enough to count with one hand

7. Describe two ways metastatic cells can travel through the body avoiding detection from our immune system. Blood, and 8. Where is the first site (oasis for the cancer cell) that metastasis generally occurs? Why? Why is it an oasis? (What is an oasis?) wound sites, because the cancer cells stick easily, a oasis is a like a waterhole in the desert

9. What is a dormant micrometastasis? Why are they relevant to human health? It doesn’t occur to the person until it’s to late

10. What evidence do we have that metastasis occurs in organs that are similar to the organ of the primary tumor? Give two examples. When a tooth is removed Trouble peeing

11. Find a current (published in last 2 months) news article (from a national source) about cancer. Post a link to the article and write a 75-100 word summary.

pp.378-379 Chromosomes and the Cell Cycle 1. What is interphase and what are the three stages of interphase. Describe them in detail. G1, Cell doubles organels S, DNA replication occurs G2, The cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division

2. Define Mitosis and Cytokinesis and Apoptosis. Mitosis, when chromosomes divide Cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm Apoptosis, programmed cell death

3. Insert a picture of the "cell cycle". Label it as :The cell cycle. 4. Insert a picture of a human chromosome "karyotype". Label it as karyotype and define karyotype.

pp. 380 Obtaining Fetal Chromosomes 1. Why would it be important to obtain fetal chromosomes? 2. Describe the two ways to obtain fetal chromosomes. 3. Insert a picture of a drawing of aminiocentesis. Label it as amniocentesis.

pp.381-384 Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of a chromosome before duplication and after duplication. It like doubles into a X

2. What does the cell use to pull the duplicated chromosomes apart? aster 3. Describe the important parts of each phase of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Prophase, cell prepares to divide Metephase, nuclur envelope fragments Anaphase, division occurs Telophase, chromosomes become indistinct chromatin again

4. How is the cytoplasm divided between the daughter cells following mitosis? Cytokinesis

5. When do human body cells go through mitosis normally? After injury

6. What is a result of mitosis that is not in control? Give an example of what can occur. tumors 7. Insert a picture that includes each of the phases of mitosis in real cell photographs. Make sure the phases are labeled.

Meiosis see p. 389 1. Define gamete, haploid chromosome number, diploid chromosome number. You may need to look these up. Gamete, cell that fuses with another cell Haploid chromosome, the n number of a organism (in particular a cell) represents a Haploid count of chromosomes. Diploid, having a pair of each type of chromosomes

2. Which cells of your body have a diploid number of chromosomes? All of them 3. Which process makes cells with a diploid number of chromosomes? mitosis 4. What is the purpose of meiosis? (see page 389) making babies 5. Which cells of your body have a haploid number of chromosomes? Eggs of sperm 6. Which process uses meiosis: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? Mitosis 7. Which takes less time: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? Asexual, don’t have to find a mate 8. Why is sexual reproduction more complicated then asexual reproduction? Partners chromosomes can be messed up 9. How do the benefits of sexual reproduction outweigh the costs? We keep on evolving

1. p. 331 Define Contraceptives. Things that keep you from having a baby 2. p. 331 What is an oral contraceptive (birth control pill)? How do work? (Talk about he hormones.) they trick your body into thinking you’ve already relapsed an egg 3. p. 332 What is an IUD? How does it prevent pregnancy? They are like plastic T’s and they prevent the egg from being fertilized 4. Chart on p. 333. How does an Intrauterine device copper T work? How effective is it? What are the health risks? Causes cervical mucus to thicken, fertilized embryo cannot implant, may cause crapms bleeding, infertility and perforation of uterus What does perforation mean? inflamation 5. Chart on p. 333. How does an Intrauterine device progesterone releasing type work? What does the progesterone do that the IUD copper T device can't do? How does progesterone do this? It releases the hormone associated with menstration. 6. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does an IUD look like? How big is it relative to the uterus? It is a t shaped thing that is about ½ the size of a uterus 7. p. 332. What is a diaphragm? When is it inserted? What must you use with the diaphragm for it to be effective? It is a female condom inserted in the vagina 8. p. 332. What is the difference between a diaphragm and a cervical cap? A cervical cap fits over the cervix and blocks sperm from entering 9. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does a diaphragm look like? How big is it? What is being added to it in the picture? It is like the size of a silver dollar and looks like a big condom 10. Chart on page 333. How do the diaphragm and cervical cap work? How effective are they with spermicide? What are the health risks? What is toxic shock syndrome? (you will need to look this up on the internet) 11. Chart on p. 333. Other than abstinence, what are the only contraceptives that protect against STDS? Why do you think this is the case? Pulling put, douche 12. Chart on p. 333. How effective is the male condom? female condom? Why do you think one is more effective than the other? Male is about 89% female is about79% probably because the way the penis is shaped 13. p. 332. What hormone do contraceptive implants contain? How big estrogen progestrin alot are the implants? Where are they located? How long are they effective? 14. p. 332. What is injected in a contraceptive injection? How long is this effective? spermicide 15. p. 332. Some contraceptive vaccines are being developed. In this case, you would train your body's immune system to attack something. What could a contraceptive vaccine get your body's own cells to attack? sperm 16. p. 332 (see picture too) What is a vasectomy? How is it done? What are the effects? Cutting the vas deffermis 17. p. 332 (see picture too) What is a tubal ligation? How is it done? What are the effects? Cutting the sealing of the oviducts 18. p. 332 What is RU-486? How does it work? (role of progesterone)

Male Reproductive Anatomy (p.321) Scrotum -sack that holds the testis testis -where the sperm is produced seminal vesicles -produce the majority of the semen about 60% epididymis -stores the sperm vas deferens (also called ductus deferens) -helps with peristalsis urethra -leads to exterior bulboourethral gland -produces pre-ejaculatory fluid prostate gland -produces seminal fluid about 10-20% penis -the man part

Sperm production anatomy seminiferous tubules -Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. sertoli cells - spermatozoa - A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes which is part of a seminiferous tubule. It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone, and has FSH-receptor on its membranes. sperm (head, middle, tail) male reproductive cells Acrosome Acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the sperm's head.

Female Reproductive System Ovary -Produces eggs Fimbria the fimbria (female reproductive system) is a fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the Fallopian tube. oviducts (also called fallopian tubes, uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the

uterus major female reproductive organ Endometirum - The endometrium is the inner membrane of the uterus. Vagina -the entrance of the female reproductive system cervix -lower portion of the uterus vulva -outside of the vagina

Problems Moving It Define Each of these, you will need to know what they are for the test Hypertension 97

Atherosclerosis 97 Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low density (especially small particle) lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol

embolus 97 In medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and causes a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body

stroke 97 when blood flow stopped to the brain

myocardial infarction 97 Myocardial infarction (MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction), also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery aneurysm 99

Sinusitis 180 Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a result of infection, from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune issues.

bronchitis 180 when the bronchi in the lungs get infection and fill with puss and mucus

pneumonia 180 when the lungs fill with fluid

emphysema 181 happens when you smoke, is when aviola lose elasticity

asthma 182 when the bronchi tighten up due to irrataion

sprain 240 happens when is over extended and small tears in the muscle occur

tendinitis 240 the damage of ligaments over time

muscular dystrophy 240

ALS 240

Skeletal System 1. What are the four main functions of the skeleton? (p. 208) -protects soft body parts -produces red blood cells -stores minerals and fat -permits flexibility 2. What is the difference between cartilage and bone? (p.208) cartilage is not as strong as bone 3. Why is vitamin D important to bone growth? How do we get vitamin D? (p. 212) vitamin D comes from the sun and dairy and without it you may develop rickets. 4. Insert an image of a skeleton. You will need to know the location of the following bones. Skull: frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla, mandible Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula Upper limb: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Rib Cage: sternum, ribs, costal cartilages Pelvic girdle: coaxyl bones, sacrum, coccyx lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

The Heart pp.88-91 Many questions, but your answers can be brief except for number 12.

(1) In which direction does the heart tilt? right (2) What is the approximate size of the heart? 300grams (3) Describe the mycoardium. Composed of special cardiac muscle (4) Why do you think a heart attack is sometimes called a mycocardial infarction p. 97? It myocardium plays a major role in the proper functioning of the heart (5) Describe the pericardium. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart (6) Describe the septum. Divides the right and left sides of the heart (7) Where are the atria? Describe their walls. There are two separate arteries (8) Where are the ventricles? Describe their walls. On the bottom of the heart, has what looks like stitching (9) Where are the atroventricular valves? Describe their shape (number of flaps) and various names. Ensures blood flows to atria (10) What are the chordae tendinae? The thing that open and close the valve (11) Where are the semilunar valves? Why do they have that name? they leasd to the pulmonary truck, they have a lunar shape (12) List the path of blood through the heart. In the vena cava and out the arteries (13) Where does blood go when it leaves the right side of the heart? lungs (14) Where does blood go when it leaves the left side of the heart? body (15) Which side of the heart is stronger? Why? Right, has to pump blood out (16) Why is the heart a double pump? To pump blood in and out (17) Define systole. Contraction of the chambers (18) Define diastole the resting phase (19) How many times does the heart normally contract in a minute? 69 (20) What causes the "lub" and "dup" of the heart sounds? The AV valves close “lub” and the semilunar valves close (21) What is the sinoatrial node? What does it do? Why is called the pacemaker? Is regulates heart rate to eliminate murmurs or irregularity (22) What is the atrioventricular bundle? Why is the delay important between the SA node and AV bundle? The place where (23) What does in ECG measure? It’s an electrocardiogram (24) What triggers the P wave? P is caused by atrial fibers (25) What triggers the QRS wave? Electrical charges

Mechanism of Breathing pp. 174-176 1. Define inspiration, expiration when the diaphragm contracts the lungs expurgate, when it relaxes the lungs fill with air, inspiration 2. Where are the intercostal muscles? Along the ribcage 3. Where is the diaphragm muscle? Under the lungs 4. The lungs are in a "sealed" off thoracic cavity. Describe this cavity. Why is it considered "sealed"? it is covered by muscle and skin

5. Describe the diaphragm and intecostal muscles during inspiration. They contract and decrease pressure allowing you to inhale

6. Air does NOT force open the lungs. So why does air enter the lungs? Differences in air pressure

7. Passive Recoil occurs during expiration. What does that mean? The lungs are elastic and will bounce back to there original shape

8. Why is air pushed out during expiration? The diaphragm returns to it’s original position and the air is forced out

9. How can you achieve maximum inspiratory effort? Puff your chest and stomach out

10. How can you force expiration which is usually passive? Relax faster

11. Do you use your total lung capacity when you breathe? What do you use? You expand your chest cavity as much as possible, you sull can’t fill your lungs up all the way

12. Why are the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchii, and bronchioles considered "dead air space"? there is no exchange in air

13. How should you breathe to get the most fresh air to your alveoli? Why? Through your nose

Muscular System Chapter 12 pp 227-236 (New Unit called Move it) 1. What are the three types of muscles in the body and what is the function of each? -smooth muscle, in walls of internal organs, involuntary -cardiac muscle in walls of heart, involuntary -skelital muscle attached to skeleton, voluntary

2. How do skeletal muscles work together to cause the bones to move? The contract to pull a bone on a hinge or joint

3. Insert an image of the major muscles in the body like the one on page 231.

You will need to know the location and function of the following (write the function next to the name -- see page 231) Pectoralis major, on chest, brings arm forward and across chest

Deltoid, aka shoulder, moves arm up and down in front

Trapezius, raises scapula, on back of head

biceps brachii, on top of arm, pulls forearm in

triceps brachii, on back of arm extends arm

External oblique, on side of torso, moves torso side to side

latissimus dorsi, brings arm down and backward behind body

gluteus maximus, extends thigh back

quardriceps femoris, bends leg at knee

gastrocnemius, calf muscle, turns foot downward, bends leg at knee

4. Define myofibrils, sarcomeres, myosin, actin -Bundle of myofilaments that contracts -extends between the 2 dark lines called the Z lines -thin filiment made up of the protein called actin

5. Describe the structure of a sarcomere's thick and thin filaments. -Thick has many more molecules, thinck is mad of the protein myosin and thin is made of actin

6. Describe the sliding filament model and insert image (How does the sarcomere contract?) - the myosin pulls the two ends of sarcomeres together

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x"d x# (1) Why is sweat like your personal air-conditioner and why is that important? it maintains body temp.

(2) The human body can tolerate cooling. How much? Give examples. about 20 below normal temp.

(3) The human body can not tolerate over heating. How much? Give examples. the brain maulfunctions 6-7 degrees above normal

(4) Why do we think humans evolved sweat glands? Give examples. so we could get rid of our hair

(5) Describe some of the variation in the amount of sweat glands. Give examples. age, sex, w eight, shape, and genes, larger people can have sweat glands 5 times greater than the average person and are more sensitive

(6) What happens during menopause with respect to sweat? Give examples. the sweat glands become trigger happy

(7) What happens as we age? Why is that dangeous? Give examples. the older we get the less we sweat and we can over heat.

(8) Is clothing good or bad when it comes to sweat? Why? Give examples. less clothing can be bad, naked slodiers sweated about 30% more than the clothed ones.

(9) Describe what happens during heat acclimation. Give examples. it is just adapting to the conditions

(10) Who is "Adam"? Why is he being used for scientific experimentation? he ia a mannequin that sweats like a human and complaines, he is used for experimtaion

1. Describe the path of urine and the structure and function of each organ in this path. (detail). pp.188-189

Kidneys produce urine, uterers transport urine, urinary bladder stores urine, urethra passes urine

2. Describe the four functions of the kidney and how they contribute to homeostasis (balance) (detail) p. 189

Produce urine

3. Trace the path of blood through the kidney. pp.191-192

in through renal artery out through renal vein, capillaries surround renal pyramids

4. What microscopic structure is responsible for the production of urine in the kidney? p. 191

5. Describe the parts of the nephron (detail). pp.192-193

has a glomerulas, a knot of capalaries

6. What are the major processes of urine formation and how does the nephron carry out each process? p. 195

glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion

7. Explain how an artificial kidney cleanses the blood. p. 200

it uses hemodialysis and dialysate

8. How do the kidneys assist other body systems? p. 201-202

they excrete waste molecules

Respiratory System (Chapter 9) Part 1. Describe structure and function of each of these terms (in great detail...read the pages in the book from 170 to 174) in this order (the pathway of air from the nasal cavities to the lungs). Inserting a picture of your respiratory system would be nice. Nasal cavity The nose opens at the nares that lead to the nasal cavities

Pharynx Funnel shapped passege way, has 3 parts, nasopharnx, the oropharynx larynogopharynx

Glottis Slit b/t the vocal cords

Larynx Cartilaginous structure that serves as passage way for air b/t the pharynx and trachea

Trachea Da windpipe, b/t the larynx and bronchi

Bronchus Lead to right and left lungs

Bronchioles When branches become about 1mm in diameter

Lung Paired cone shaped organs that absorb o2

diaphragm Part 2. Describe the structure and function of alveoli in great detail. (Inserting a picture of an alveolus would be nice.) Part 3. (p. 178) Describe in great detail how Carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood and how Oxygen is carried in the blood. Part 4. Describe 4 respiratory disorders of your choice (in great de

1. absorption gives us the needed nutrients for us to live 2. mouth, nom nom nom 3. ,pharnex, passage way 4. esophagus, where peristalsis pushes food to stomach 5. stomach, holds digestive enzyme for protein 6. small intestine, secrets digestive hormones into blud 7. large intestineabosrbes water and salt to form feces 8. rectum stores and regulate elimination of feces 9. pancreatic amylase digest starch 10. tryspin digest protein 11. lipase digest fat 12. we don’t need our accessory organs 13. fat, insulation and energy 14. protein, rebuild 15. carbs, energy d d a a d c c a c a a a d c a c a b a d

more questions AM

1. What is appendicitis and why is it dangerous? p. 145 -if the appendix burst it could cause peritonitis, a life threatening infesction of the peritoneum 2. What are dental carries? What causes them and how can they be prevented? p. 146 -dental carries are cavities, cavities occur when bacteria in the mouth metabolizes sugar producing acids. 3. What is heartburn? And how can it be prevented? p. 148 -heartburn is when foods more acidic than the stomach acid are consumed and are barfed back up into the esophagus and erode away the lining of the esophagus 4. What is lactose intolerance? What are the symptoms? 150 -Lactose intoloreace is when the body has a deficiency in lactase an enzyme used to break down lactose, the sugar found in dairy products, symptoms may include but are not limited to bloating of explosive diarrhea 5. What are gallstones? p.152 -gallstones are formed when liquid in the gallbladder harders and produces hard pebble like things 6. What is jaundice? p. 153 -jaundice occurs when bile pigments leak into the blood 7. What is hepatitis? p. 153 -inflammation of the liver 8. What is Cirrhosis? p. 153 -another chronic disease of the liver, the liver becomes fatty and scar tissue begins to build up 9. What causes diarrhea and what are the symptoms, effects? p. 154 -usually an infection of the lower intestine causes peristalsis and water is not absorbed 10. What is constipation? What can help ease constipation? p. 154 -poop is dry and hard, go poop, eat Metamucil 11. What are hemrrhoids? p. 155 -an inflamed blood vessel in the anus, caused by pregnancy, age, and/or butt sex 12. What is diverticulosis? p. 145, 155 -little pouches of mucosa that have pussed out through week spots in the muscularis 13. What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? p. 145, 155 -caused by stress, IBS is when the intestine contracts 14. What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? p. 145, 155 -umbrella term that means you are all messed up, ulcers and bleeding 15. What are polyps and how are they associated with cancer? p. 155 -polyps are small growths on the epithelial wall that can develop into cancer 16. How do doctors look at your GI tract? (describe the pill cam and colonoscopy) p. 155 - a camera pill that you swallow that takes pics, or a tube with a camera inserted in the anus 17. Can carbohydrates be harmful? p. 158 -yes, only if you eat too many of them fatty 18. Can proteins be harmful? p. 159 -if you consumes to much you could get kidney stones 19. Can lipids be harmful? p. 159 -doy, that’s fat, heart disease

tummy Am

8.3 Stomach to Small Intestine stomach -thick walled J-shaped organ on left side of body rugae -deep folds in mucosa gastric glands -produce gastric juice pepsin -enzyme in gastric juice small intestine -small diameter duodenum -first 25cm of intestine bile -something to do with the color of blood lipase -digest fat villus -tummy fingers lacteal -contains blood capillaries lactose intolerance cant digest lactose

(1) What are the functions of the stomach? -Churn the food (2) What are the structures of the stomach that perform these functions and describe their role. -produce gastrin (3) What are the functions of the small intestine? Suck out nutrients (4) What are the structures of the small intestine that perform these functions and describe their role?

8.4 Three Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions pancreas pancreatic amylase trypsin lipase hormone -produced by one set of cells that affects another liver -filters out toxins bile -yellow green stuff for blhud bladder -hold pee pee

(5) What are the three main accessory organs that assist with the digestive process? Describe how each contributes to the digestion of food. Liver, pancreas, kidneys (6) How are digestive secretions regulated in the body? -from the brain

8.5 The Large Intestine and Defecation large intestine -named for its large diameter cecum blind end of large intestine vermiform appendix colon further digest food

(7) What are the different parts of the large intestine? (8) What is the function of the large intestine?

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digest Am

8.1 Overview of Digestion 1. Name and describe the three processes that occur during the digestive process. - 2. What are the four layers of the GI tract? Associate an illness with each of the layers. Describe the illness.

8.2 The First Part of the Digestive Tract Define the following vocab... Palate Roof of mouth salivary glands make spit dental carries tooth decay periodontitis lose of bone and loosening of the teeth pharynx food and air passage esophagus tube to tummy glottis leads to lungs epiglottis throat finger that closes lung tube peristalsis a wave sphincters encircle tubes and act as valves diaphragm tummy

3. Describe the mecahnical and chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth. Chem=spit Mech=chew 4. What ordinarily prevents food from entering the nose or entering the trachea when you swallow?larynz

Health Focus Heartburn (p148) 5. What causes the burning sensation associated with heartburn? acid 6. What is GERD? How is it different from heartburn? Something to do with gravity 7. Describe two ways drugs treat GERD. Sit up striaght 8. Describe ways to avoid hearburn that do not involve drugs. Don’t eat that chile dog

nutrition 1. What is the rationale behind using BMI to judge obesity? -it is the most universal form of judging a persons weight 2. What disorders are associated with obesity? -heart disease 3. Why might carbohydrates be the cause of the obesity epidemic today? -there is an abundance of them ond no exersize 4. Why might fats be the cause of the obesity epidemic today? -people are eating the bad ones and not burning off the calories 5. What types of fats are dangerous to our health? -saturated -trans 6. What type of fat is protective for cardiovascular disease? -Omega 3 7. Proteins provide the essential amino acids; why shouldn't they be eaten as an energy source? -they have no calories hardly, we need other vitamins and minerals 8. What is the chief contribution of each of these in the body -- carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits, vegetables? -Carbs provide energy -protiens help with the production of amino acids, isolucince, lucine and valine -fats help lube the joints and cushion the organs -fruits provide fructose -vegies provide roughage 9. In general, what does the USDA food pyramid tell you? Eat less sugar, more carbs 10. Name and describe four eating disorders. -bulimic -anorexic -obese -overweight

cells hw AM

Chapter 3. Cell Structure. 1. What does the cell theory state? -a cell is a basic unit of life -all living things are made up of cells -New cells arise from pre-existing cells 2. Why are cells so tiny? -It gives them a favorable surface to volume ratio 3. What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? -cytoplasm -plasma membrane -organelles 4. Explain how the eukaryotic cell gained mitochondria and chloroplasts. -organelles in eykaryotic cels may have arisen from engulfing prokaryotic cells and than a choroplast 5. What are glycoproteins, and what functions do proteins, including glycoproteins, have in the plasma membrane? -short chains of sugars attached to the outside surface of proteins -act as receptors for chemical messages -account for why we are different 6. What is endocytosis and exocytosis, and how do they occur? -during endocytocis protein of the plasma membrane invaginates -during exocyctosis the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and as secretion occures 7. The nucleus, ribosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum make what contribution to protein synthesis? -stores the information -protein synthesis occurs at the ribosome’s -protien syth. occurs there because its studded with ribosomes 8. The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus make what contribution to the processing of proteins? -proteins are synthesized and enter the ER -sorts and packages proteins into vesicles 9. What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes? -smooth ER synthesizes the phospholipids -lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down cell parts or digestive enzymes 10. What is the function of the mitochondria? -Produce energy

chem hw aubrey 2.3 Molecules of Life (p.27) SUBMIT TO YOUR WIKI PAGE (INNER FISH UNIT) Define...organic molecules -a molecule that contains carbon or hydrogen and is associated with living things 1. What are the four classes of molecules unique to cells? -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids 2. What type of recation occurs during the synthesis of macromolecules? -a hydrolysis reaction 2.4 Carbohydrates (p. 28-29) Define... -characterized by the atomic grouping H-C-OH monosaccharide -simple sugar, or low in carbon atoms disaccharide -combo of 2 monosaccharides glucose -the hexose our body utilizes for energy polysaccharide -contains many glucose units starch -stored forms of glucose in animals and plants glycogen -what we use for energy stored in liver cellulose -in plants, different method of linkage make fiber 1. What is the usual function of carbohydrates in humans? -energy source 2. What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and the various complex carbohydrates? -simple has no nutritional value 3. Of what benefit is fiber in our diet? -It acts as roughage for our intestines 2.5 Lipids 1. Define saturated fats, unstaturated fat, and trans fat. -saturated=no double bonds between the carbon atoms -unsatureaded=double bonds in the carbon chain 2. What is the main function of fats and oils and what are they composed of? -to help cushion the organs and provide and energy source, they are composed of hydrogen and carbon 3. What are the uses of phospholids and steroids in the body? -structured like fats except one fatty acid is replaces with a polar phosphate group, they arrange them selves in water -steroids are lipids that have an entirely different structure from fats, the back bone for steroids are four carbon molecules fused together 2.6 Proteins (p. 32-34) Define peptide bond, and denaturation -covalent bond b/t 2 amino acids 1. What are the major functions of proteins in an organism? -hair -muscle -hemoglobin 2. How does an amino acid get its name? some guy named amino discovered them 3. How does the shape of a protein relate to its function. -is can turn the protein into alzheimers my inner fish AM Aubrey Moore Human Bio

Regarding the Article: What people owe fish: A Lot (1) Describe at least three important PHYSICAL traits in humans that were found in fish first. -the head -pairs of sense organs -pairs of appendages

(2) Describe a SOCIAL trait in humans that was found in fish first. -cooperation for betterment of species

(3) What is an African cichlid and what behavior do they have that resembles social behavior in humans. Describe. -colorful fresh water fish -they help out each other for the survival of the group

(4) Why is it interesting that femaie guppies may go through menopause? -because humans go through that to

(5) Which genes in humans shifted color during migration from one part of the world to another and also shift in color in fish? -Pigmentation genes

(6) What is the significance to human biology that fish are the oldest group of vertebrates? -we can study fish fossils to learn how they developed into our backbones

(7) Competition and predation among fish species led to the evolution of two important physical traits found in humans. What are these two traits and how did competition and predation spur their evolution? Regarding the NPR interview with the author of Your Inner Fish, Neil Shubin -teeth and skull

(8) What is unusual about the Tiktaalik? -it can do push-ups

(9) What bones in the "arm" of a Tiktaalik are also found in human arms? -humerous -elbow -4 of 8 in tictolik -fingers

(10) Explain why a hiccup be a relic of our fish ancestors? -breathing started as a form of a hickup