AP+HW+19.1

Cancer: is a cellular disease and cancer cells share characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells
 * Vocab.**

Apoptosis: cells with damaged DNA undergo a programed cell death

Telomeres: Chromosomes in human cells end with special repetitive DNA sequences

Carcingenesis: the development of cancer

Inititation: a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to divide repeatedly

Promotion: a tumor develops, and the tumor cells continue to divide, as they divide they undergo mutations

Progression: one cell undergoes a selective advantage over the other cells, this process is repeated and a cell invades surrounding tissue

Angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels

metastasis: is a process when cancer cells are formed in nearby lymph nodes and the cells begin new tumors far from the primary tumor

Proto-oncogenes: code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

Tumor- Suppressor Genes: code for proteins that inhabit the cell cycle and promote apoposis

oncogenes: when Proto-oncogenes mutate, they become cancer causing genes

Growth Factor: is a signal that activates a cell signaling pathway, resulting in cell division

Oncology: is the study of cancer

Oncologist: medical specialist in cancer

Carcinomas: cancers of epithelial tissues

Sarcomas: cancers that arise in muscles and connective tissue such as bone and fibrous connective tissue

Leukemias: cancers of the blood

Lymphomas: are cancers of lymphatic tissue


 * 19.1 Questions:**

1**. What characteristics of cancer cells allow them to grow uncontrollably?**
 * The cell division allows cells to divide uncontrollably when cancer cells are in the body because they divide for unlimited number of times
 * Telomeres also allow cancer cells to grow uncontrollably because they get shorter and shorter after each process and then bind to the chromosomes TELOMERES DON'T GET SHORTER


 * 2. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth?**
 * Initiation and progression PROTO-ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPRESSORS

3**. What are the most common types of cancer?**
 * lung cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, plasma cell tumors, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, cervix cancer, ovaries cancer, prostate cancer, bladder and kidney cancer, skin cancer, and oral cavity cancer. WHICH ARE THE MOST COMMON?