NN+Endocrine+and+Urinary+HW

In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet) Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198 On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. First Define Homeostasis. Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body. Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly. Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter. Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?
 * Urinary System**
 * The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by excreting waste that is stored in the kidneys, they maintain the water-salt balance by taking salt out of the blood, reducing the blood pressure, they also maintain the acid-base balance by taking acid or base out of the blood, finally they secrete hormones such as renin, which leads to adrenaline secretion.
 * Kidneys: purify the blood and put those chemicals in the urine
 * Ureters: take urine from the kidney to the bladder
 * urinary bladder: holds the urine until it is released from the body
 * urethra: a tube that goes from the bladder to an external opening for the urine to leave the body
 * Chemicals that increase the urine's flow. An example of a diuretic is caffeine.
 * ADH stands for antidiuretic hormone, and ADH is produced in the posterior pituitary and it codes for the opening of the aquaproins in the distal convoluted.
 * Homeostasis is an internal state where the body is able to function properly.
 * The kidneys help maintain certain balances of chemicals in the blood that are essential to homeostasis. The blood also puts waste chemicals from all over the body into the kidneys to be released in the urine.
 * Endocrine System**
 * Growth hormones are released when it is time for the bones to grow and only the bone cells have the receptors for growth hormones.
 * Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes water to be reabsorbed by the kidneys and the water is then used to dilute the blood.
 * Dwarfism is when someone is short but their body in in perfect proportion. It is generally caused by too little growth hormone being created and released.
 * Acromegaly is where too much growth hormone is produced as an adult. Since the bone cells can no longer grow, only areas such as the hands, face, and feet grow.
 * Simple goiter is where the thyroid becomes too big because there is constant stimulation from the pituitary gland
 * Congenital hypothyroidism is where people have not gotten enough of the hormones secreted by the thyroid, resulting in short stature.
 * Myxedema occurs when there are not enough of the thyroid hormones. This condition results in lethargy, hair loss, weight gain, slower pulse, lower body temperature, and thickness/puffiness of the skin.
 * Expophthalmic goiter is when the thyroid gland is overly active and the eyes protrude and the muscles that move the eyes swell.
 * Epinephrine creates an adrenaline rush, where the heart rate increases, body temperature increases, and many other things increase, in response to an emergency situation. The effect is also called a "fight-or-flight" reaction.