More+Cancer+JO


 * Define**:
 * apoptosis**, programmed cell death
 * telomeres**, the end of a chromosome with a repetitive DNA sequence
 * metastisis**, the process of new tumors forming away from the primary tumor.
 * tumor**, uncontrolled cell division that forms layers of cells which become the tumor.
 * proto-oncogenes**, code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. often likened to the gas pedal of a car because they cause acceleration of the cell cycle.
 * oncogenes**, when proto-oncogenes mutate and become cancer-causing genes.
 * growth factor**, a signal that activates a cell-signaling pathway, resulting in cell division.
 * tumor suppressor gene,** code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. linked to the breaks of a car because they inhibit acceleration.
 * oncology**, the study of cancer
 * carcinoma**, cancers of the epithelial tissues (skin, breast, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, prostate, and thyroid.
 * sarcoma**, cancers that arise in muscles and connective tissue (bone and fibrous connective tissue.
 * leukemia**, cancer of the blood
 * lymphoma**cancer of the lymphatic tissue.

lack differentiation abnormal nuclei unlimited replicative potential (benign tumors and in a sac)
 * 1. What do cancer cells look like?**

they are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes.
 * 2. What is unusual about the nuclei of cancer cells?**

they fail to go through apoptosis, though they are abnormal cells. cancer cells are immortal and keep dividing (never stop).
 * 3. Why don't cancer cells die?**

//Initiation//: a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to divide repeatedly //Promotion//: a tumor developes, and the tumor cells continue to divide. as they divide, they undergo mutations. //Progression//: one cells undergoes a mutation that gives it a selective advantage over the other cells. this process is repeated several time, and, eventually, there is a cell that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues.
 * 4. Describe the three phases of the development of cancer.**

Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor genes
 * 5. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth?**

p53 is a protein that turns on genes that stop the cell cycle and activates repair enzymes. if repair is impossible then it promotes apoptosis. proto-oncogenes codes for a protein that makes p53 unavailable.
 * 6. What is p53? How does it cause cancer?**

retinoblastoma protein (RB) turns on gene for cyclin D and other genes whose products promote entry into the S phase os cell cycle. when TSgenes p16 mutates it makes the RB protein always functional so the cell keeps dividing.
 * 7. What is RB? How does it cause cancer?**

men: prostate(33%), lung(13%0, and colon&rectum(10%) women: breast(31%), Lung(12%), Colon&rectum(11%)
 * 8. What are the most common cancers cases for males and females?**

Men: Lung(31%), colon(10%), prostate(9%) women: lung(26%), breast(15%), colon(10%)
 * 9. What are the most common cancer deaths for males and females?**