Immune+system+WG

Immune System Wiki Homework. (Chapter 7)

7.2 Lymphatic System For each of the following define their function and include their role in immunity (the ability to combat disease). (p.127-128) Red bone marrow: it produces all types of blood cells. It is limited in adults, and it also produces white blood cells. Thymus gland: this is located in thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum. Spleen: It mainly filters blood. It is also the largest lymphatic organ, and the spleen is located upper left region of abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen is split into white pulp and red pulp. Lymph nodes: The lymph nodes occur along side lymphatic vessels, and they filter lymph. They are divided into compartments and they are filtered by macrophages.

7.3 Nonspecific Defenses (p. 128-130)

Describe the barriers to entry and include their role in immunity Skin and mucous membranes: the intact sin is usually a very effective barrier; the mucus membranes are very effective Chemical Barriers: they have secretions that contain chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on skin. The perspiration, saliva, and tears contain an enzyme called lysozyme. Lysozyme flushes toxins from the body. Resident Bacteria: it is found inside the mouth, intestines, and other various areas. These bacteria take up the space other bacteria could potentially use. Define the players in the inflammatory response Histamine: it makes capillaries leaky. The white blood cells and antibodies can get to site of infection. It also causes a runny nose, and watery eyes. Mast cells: Mast cells are protectors against pathogens and is a resident of many cells. Pus: it’s a yellow white substance mostly made up of whit blood cells. It’s also a sign that whatever you have is infected, and white blood cells are trying to defend you. Cytokines: they are proteins that attract white blood cells. Macrophages: big eaters. They eat and destroy anything covered in antibodies. They also eat bacteria.

List the four steps in the inflammatory response (figure 7.9) 1. Injured cells, mast cells, cytokines, histamine 2. White blood cells move towards site injury. Symptoms are redness (blood), swelling(liquid), heat(blood). All those things are inflammation.

Describe the complement system and its role in immunity. They are proteins found in your blood. They can trigger mass cells to release histamine, they can cover things so that the macrophages will eat them, sot of like ”tagging” it. Describe the membrane attack complex and its role in immunity. It’s made of complement proteins in the blood. They drill holes in the bacteria and viruses. Describe interferon and its role in immunity. Cells that are infected by a virus that helps protect its neighboring cells.

7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130) Define Antigens. Antigens are molecules the immune system recognizes as foreign. How does specific defense differ from nonspecific defense? The specific defense targets the Which blood cells are mainly responsible for specific defense, and how do they function? (make a table like the one on page 130) . Cell Function B cells Produce plasma cells and memory cells Plasma cells Make specific antibodies Memory cells Never die, ready to produce specific antibodies in future T cells Regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells Kill virus and cancer infected cells Helper T cells Help B cells and Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells Never die. They are ready to kill in the future

7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136) What is acquired immunity? Vaccines? Naturally occurring immunity through infection or that is brought about artificially by medical intervention. What is active immunity and explain an example? Active immunity is the individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen. What is passive immunity and explain an example? An example is breast milk. It helps protect the babies. When you temporarily borrow thing for your immune system.

7. 6 Hypersensitivity Reactions (pp.138-139) When is the immune system hypersensitive? It’s when your body over reacts to something that is not serious Explain how an allergy is an example of hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity to a substance: Body’s response to an antigen, called allergens. Explain how tissue rejection is an example of hypersensitivity. The body’s immune system recognizes the foreign tissue as not “self” Define autoimmune disease. Its when your body attacks itself. Define the following autoimmune diseases. It is when the cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells as if they bear foreign antigens. Multiple sclerosis (MS): T cells attack the myelin sheath or nerve fibers. Lupus: Kidney damage from anti-antigen within the body. Rheumatoid arthritis: When the joints are affected