Emma-+Urinary+and+Endocrine

In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189).** 1. the kidneys excrete metabolic wastes, which consists of mainly nitrogenous wastes such as urea. Urea is the final result of amino acid metabolism in humans. 2. kidneys hold the responsibility of maintaining a balance of water and salt in blood. If the kidneys do not regulate the balance excess salt will go into the blood causing greater blood volume and greater blood pressure 3. kidneys regulate the base acid balance. they keep the blood pH at around 7.4 yet, urine normally has a pH of 6 or lower because of our acidic diets. Kidneys regulate this process by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions as needed. 4.Kidneys secrete hormones. Including renin which triggers the hormone aldosterone to be secreted from the adrenal gland, alderestone contributes to maintaining the water-salt balance of the blood. Kidneys also secrete erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production. Finally, kidneys help activate vitamin D from the skin, which promotes calcium absorption from the digestive tract. kidneys-primary organs of excretion ureters-conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. urinary bladder-stores urine until it is expelled from the body urethra- small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening -**drug used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water. Three types of diuretics are hiazide, loop and potassium-sparing. -ADH- antidiuretic hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary and it signals water to move in to the blood, if there is a low water intake in the body. First Define Homeostasis.** -maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or in an organism by means of self regulating mechanisms -kidneys help out the endocrine and the cardiovascular systems by producing erythropoietin, used to stimulate red bone marrow production. Kidneys also help the skeletal, nervous and muscular systems by regulating the amount of calcium ions in the blood, they do this by converting Vitamin D to its active form necessary for calcium ions absorption by the digestive tract. Kidneys also regulate the excretion of electrolytes such as calcium ions. Kidneys also take part in the contraction of the heart and other muscles of the body by regulating the sodium and potassium content of the blood. Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.** -ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes more water to be reabsorbed into the kidney capillaries=negative feedback.Growth hormone (GH) promotes cellulara nd muscular growth, promotes fat metabolism and stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. Pituitary dwarfism is when too little GH is produced during childhood.Acromegaly is when GH is overproduced in the adult and sense the adult's bones cant grow they experience growth in the feet face and hands. -**simple goiter-lack of iodine results in the thyroid glands inability to produce the thyroid hormones, and a simple goiter is formed due to constant stimulation by the anterior pituitary, thyriod enlarges. treatment is iodized salt which allows the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones -congenital hypothyroidism- when the thyroid fails to develop properly and individuals are short and stocky and have extreme hypothyroidism since infancy or childhood. Thyroid hormone therapy can initiate growth, but unless treatment action is taken within the first two months of life, mental retardation will will result. - Myxedema is the occurence of hypothyroidism in adults which is characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse rate, lowered body temperature and thickness and puffiness of the skin. Treatment is to administer adequate doses of thyroid hormones. -Expophthalmic goiter is a result of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid is overactive and goiter forms.Characteristics include protruding of the eyes. The patient also become hyperactive, nervous ad irritable and suffers from insomnia. Treatment includes removl or destrcution of a portion of the thyroid by means of radioactive iodine. -**adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys. epinephrine brings about all changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation in a fight-or-flight manner. the effects of this hormone provides short term response to stress.
 * Urinary System
 * Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.**
 * Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet)
 * Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198**
 * On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis.
 * Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body.**
 * Endocrine System
 * Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.
 * Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?