endocrine+and+urinary+system+-+rachel

Endocrine and Urinary System SCI Human Biology - 1 Assigned: 10/22 Due: 10/24 Urinary System 1. In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). a. The kidneys remove the metabolic waste from the body, especially nitrogenous by producing uric acid. b. Regulate blood pressure by maintaining salt-water equilibrium. c. Removes hydrogen ions and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions in order to regulate acid-base equilibrium. d. Release rennin causing the adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) to release the hormone aldosterone.

2. Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. a. Kidneys produce urine b. Ureters transport urine c. Urinary bladder stores urine. d. Urethra passes urine to outside.

3. Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet) a. Diuretic – drugs used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water i. Zaroxolyn ii. Lasix iii. Bumex

4. Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198 a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in a kidney

On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis.

5. First Define Homeostasis. a. Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

6. Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body. a. Urinary System – work as a filter to remove waste and maintain proper balance of water-salt and acid-base in the blood. b. Cardiovascular System – by maintain an acid-base balance and producing rennin body is able to keep up proper blood pressure levels. c. Digestive System – aiding in proper water balance of blood the digestive system helps the kidneys by absorbing nutrients, ions, and water. also the excreted urea is produced by the liver. d. Muscular System – the ions in blood critical to the contraction of muscles are regulated by the kidneys e. Nervous System – ions essential to nerve impulse conduction are regulated by the kidneys f. Respiratory System – excrete carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions g. Endocrine System – produce rennin and hormone erythropoietin; water retained by the kidneys is regulated by the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary h. Integumentary System – sweat a solution of water, salt, and urea

Endocrine System

7. Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly. a. ADH – causes more water to be reabsorbed into kidney capillaries, as blood dilutes ADH is no longer released b. Growth Hormone – promotes skeletal and muscular growth by stimulating the rate at which amino acids enter cells and proteins synthesis occurs c. Pituitary Dwarfism – too little growth hormone is produced in the body during childhood so the body is small in stature but is in perfect proportion d. Acromegaly – growth hormones are overproduced during adulthood, causing bones still able to grow (shot ones) feet, hands, and face to become oversize and not proportional to the body.

8. Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter. a. Simple goiter – constant stimulation by the anterior pituitary the thyroid enlarges. This can be prevented by the use of iodized salt water which cause the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones. b. Congenital hypothyroidism – the thyroid fails to develop properly. Thyroid hormone therapy can initiate growth, but unless treatment is begun within the first two months of life, mental retardation results. c. Myxedema – occurrence of hypothyroidism in adults causing lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse rate, lowered body temperature, and thickness and puffiness of the skin; administration of adequate doses of thyroid hormones restores normal function and appearance. d. Exophthalmic Goiter – when the thyroid gland is overactive and a goiter forms causing the eyes to protrude from the eye socket; removal or destruction of a portion of the thyroid by means of radioactive iodine is sometimes effective in curing the condition

9. Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)? a. To rapidly bring about all the body changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation in a fight-or-flight manner.