Reading+Questions+JO


 * Chapter 18 Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance.**

1. What is interphase and what are the three stages of interphase. Describe them in detail.** the time when organelles carry on their usual functions. they also prepare to divide. it grow, organelles and chromatin double. DNA synthesis occurs. DNA synthesis allows for stages. G1, S, and G2:
 * pp.378-379 Chromosomes and the Cell Cycle

M:a type of nuclear division. C:Division of the cytoplasm A:Programmed cell death
 * 2. Define Mitosis and Cytokinesis and Apoptosis.**


 * 3. Insert a picture of the "cell cycle". Label it as :The cell cycle.**



a numbered chromatid pairs: karyotype
 * 4. Insert a picture of a human chromosome "karyotype". Label it as karyotype and define karyotype.**

1. Why would it be important to obtain fetal chromosomes?** you would be able to do karyotyping to tell whether the child would have a disorder, or wrong pair of chromatids.
 * pp. 380 Obtaining Fetal Chromosomes

Chorionic villi sampling: 8-12 week pregnancy. obtaining of fetal chromosomes through villi by suction of tube. *greater risk of accidental abortion this way. Amniocentesis: 15-17 week of pregnancy: needle passed through abdominal wall to retrieve amniotic fluid and fetal cells.
 * 2. Describe the two ways to obtain fetal chromosomes.**


 * 3. Insert a picture of a drawing of aminiocentesis. Label it as amniocentesis.**

1. Describe the structure of a chromosome before duplication and after duplication.** before is is a single chromosome, after it is attached with sister chromosome.
 * pp.381-384 Mitosis

the spindle separate the chromosomes during mitosis.
 * 2. What does the cell use to pull the duplicated chromosomes apart?**

P:nucleus disappears, duplication of chromosomes, centrosomes begin separating and spindles start forming M: chromosomes align. spindles attach. A: separation occurs. "daughter" T: nucleuses appear and cells separate.
 * 3. Describe the important parts of each phase of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.**

form cleavage around cell and then pinch it apart. create plasma membrane for each cell.
 * 4. How is the cytoplasm divided between the daughter cells following mitosis?**

begin when fertilized eggs start dividing.
 * 5. When do human body cells go through mitosis normally?**


 * 6. What is a result of mitosis that is not in control? Give an example of what can occur.**


 * 7. Insert a picture that includes each of the phases of mitosis in real cell photographs. Make sure the phases are labeled.**

1. Define gamete, haploid chromosome number, diploid chromosome number. You may need to look these up.** g: a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism hc: cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number dc:cell having double the basic haploid number of chromosomes.
 * Meiosis see p. 389

those that have gone through meiosis. found in reproductive cells
 * 2. Which cells of your body have a diploid number of chromosomes?**

meiosis
 * 3. Which process makes cells with a diploid number of chromosomes?**

to produce gametes. and keep chromosome level steady
 * 4. What is the purpose of meiosis? (see page 389)**

all tissue cells
 * 5. Which cells of your body have a haploid number of chromosomes?**


 * 6. Which process uses meiosis: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?**

asexual. sexual involves courtship and everything.
 * 7. Which takes less time: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?**

it involves finding a mate and courtship and energy.
 * 8. Why is sexual reproduction more complicated then asexual reproduction?**

genetic recombination.
 * 9. How do the benefits of sexual reproduction outweigh the costs?**