NH+Endocrine+and+Urinary+System+HW

=**Urinary System**=
 * In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189).**
 * //The kidneys remove metabolic wastes (i.e. nitrogenous wastes, ammonium, creatine, and uric acid.//
 * //keep the salt/water balance normal- the salt makes the water diffuse via osmosis into the blood. More salt means more water and higher blood pressure.//
 * //keep the acid/base balance good- the kidneys help to keep the blood pH at about 7.4 by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing the bicarbonate ions//
 * //help in secretion of hormones- kidneys release renin which triggers the adrenal glands to release aldosterone which helps in keeping the water/salt balance normal.//

//The kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra all help in the process of excretion (removal of metabolic wastes).//
 * Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.**

//A diuretic is anything that stimulates the kidney to produce urine. A couple examples of diuretics are Aldactone, Diazide, and Hydrodiuril.//
 * Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet)**

//ADH (Anitdiuretic hormone) is basically the opposite of a diuretic. When the body is dehydrated, ADH will be secreted and water moves form the distal convoluted tublue and the collecting duct into the blood.//
 * Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198**

**On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis.**
//Homeostasis is the process by which your body maintains a stable environment. This may be with temperature, chemicals, nutrient balance, etc.//
 * First Define Homeostasis.**

//The kidneys are the main organ in excretion. In removing the metabolic wastes from our systems, the kidneys help maintain homeostasis. They help to maintain the water-salt and acid-base balance with the urinary system. The kidneys help the cardiovascular system by producing renin which helps to maintain blood pressure. The digestive system absorbs ions, nutrients, and water. The kidneys can help maintain the right level of ions and water in the blood. By regulating the number of ions in the blood, the kidneys help the muscular system. Ions are essential for contraction of muscles. These ions are also important to the nervous system because they help to transmit nerve impulse. The kidneys excrete carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions, therefore helping the lungs. The lungs the excrete the carbon dioxide (breathing). The kidneys produce renin, erythropoietin, and change vitamin D to a hormone that all help maintain a proper water-salt balance. The integumentary system excretes perspiration, a mixture of water, salt and some urea.//
 * Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body.**

**Endocrine System**
//ADH is produced by the hypothalamus. When the water-salt balance of the blood is leaning towards salt (the blood is more concentrated with salt), neurons in the hypothalamus detect it and send signals to secrete ADH which makes water reabsorb into kidney capillaries. When the blood is too dilute, ADH isn't released anymore. The growth hormone (GH) promotes skeletal and muscular growth. It controls the the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. It also promotes fat metabolism instead of glucose metabolism. Pituitary dwarfism occurs in children when they don't produce enough GH. They have perfect proportion but just smaller. Acromaegaly occurs when GH is overproduced in adults. Long bones don't grow anymore, but the feet, hands, and face (chin, nose and eyebrow ridges) grow to become very large in proportion to the rest of your body.//
 * Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.**

//A simple goiter occurs when you have a lack of iodine in your diet which causes the thyroid gland to not be able to produce the thyroid hormones. Due to this, the thyroid enlarges. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid doesn't develop properly. People with this problem are usually short and stocky and have extreme hypothyroidism (where the thyroid doesn't secrete nearly enough thyroid hormone since childhood). It can be treated with thyroid hormone therapy which initiates growth. Without this therapy within the first two months of life, mental retardation will occur. Hypothyroidism in adults results in myxedema. This is characterized by lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, slower pulse rate, low body temp, thickness and puffiness of the skin. If enough thyroid hormones are administered, the person will restore normal function and appearance. An exopophthalmic goiter happens when the individual has hyperthyroidism (over secretion of thyroid hormones). It causes the eyes to protrude. It also causes the patient to become hyperactive, nervous, irritable, and have insomnia. Removing part of the thyroid usually helps this condition.//
 * Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.**

//Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla. It quickly initiates the fight-or-flight reaction in an emergency situation.. It provides a short term response to stress.//
 * Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?**