vaccinationLucy

7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130-131) 7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136-137) How was the hepatitis B vaccine prepared? (p.136) How could a vaccine be a contraceptive (form of birth control)? (p.332)
 * Define and describe
 * specific defense
 * They overcome an infection by doing away with the particular diseases-causing agent that has entered the body. Thry also protect humans against cancer.
 * antigen
 * An antigen is a foreign substance, usually a protein that stimulates the immunity system to produce antibodies.
 * Things such as viruses, pieces of bacteria, molds, or parasitic worms can be considered antigens.
 * special B cells called plasma cells
 * Special B cells circulate the blood and lymph. The plasma cells are larger than then regular B cells because they have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum that are used for the mass production and secretion of antibodies to a specific antigen.
 * antibody
 * There are 5 different classes of circulating antibodies.
 * The basic unit which composes antibody molecules is a "y" shaped protein molecule with two arms.
 * Protein produced in response to the presence of an antigen; each antibody combines with a specific antigen,
 * antibody mediated immunity
 * Specific mechanism of defense in which plasma cells derved from B cells produced antibodies that combine with antigens.
 * Define and describe
 * active immunity
 * Sometimes developes naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen.
 * often induced when a person is well so that future infections will not take place.
 * depends upon the presence of memory B cells ad Memory T cells that are capable of responding to lower doses of antigens.
 * usually long lasting
 * the Individual, alone, produces antibodies against an antigen
 * passive immunity
 * occurs when a person is given prepared antibodies or immune cells to fight a disease.
 * it's temporary.
 * The individual is given prepared antibodies through an injection
 * used when a person has been unexpectedly exposed to an infectious disease.
 * vaccine
 * Antigens prepared in such a way that they can promote active immunity without causing a disease.
 * They are pathogens that ave antibody titer.
 * antibody titer
 * The amount of antibody present in a sample of blood serum.
 * it is possible to follow an immune response by determining the amount of antibody present in the plasma.
 * The hepatitis B vaccine was prepared by genetcally engineering bacteria to mass-produce a protein from pathogens. Then the proteins are be used as a vaccine.
 * A vaccine could be a contraceptive to immunize women again HCG. The HCG is not normally present in the body and the hormones are needed to help maintain the implantation of the embryo.
 * The immunization wears off with time.

How could a vaccine help fight cancer? (p.416) Is an AIDS vaccine possible? (p.351)
 * A vaccine such as Melacine, could help fight cancer because it contains broken melanoma cells from two different sources. Also the use of immune cells, which genetically engineer the tumor's antigens, would produce cytokines and present the antigen to cytotoxoc T cells, which then destroy tumor cells in the body.
 * It is possible that a AIDS vaccine could exist. The understanding of a person's ability to react with the infection is understood by the scientists and they have tried a vaccine in monkeys. So they are working to see if an AIDS vaccine is possible.
 * Describe "setback" number 2.
 * There are several types, but the mutation of the HIV is a lot, therefore the HIV in a person id different from HIV in another person. They are trying to figure out if a vaccine is needed for each individual type of HIV or could one general one work for al the types.
 * Describe setback number 3.
 * Throughout all of these years, they have tried to come up with an answer if people need to get a yearly vaccination to help get prevent the HIV. Most people are just getting a short term vaccine and its not that affective.