Vaccinations+EAT

7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130-131) 7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136-137) How was the hepatitis B vaccine prepared? (p.136) How could a vaccine be a contraceptive (form of birth control)? (p.332) How could a vaccine help fight cancer? (p.416) Is an AIDS vaccine possible? (p.351)
 * Define and describe
 * specific defense
 * A type of defense that reacts to antigens
 * antigen
 * molecules that the immune system identifies as foreign to the body's system. They are typically large molecules (like proteins)
 * pieces of bacteria- viruses- molds- or parasitic worms can all be classified as antigens
 * antigens can also be abnormal plasma membrane proteins generated from cancer cells
 * special B cells called plasma cells
 * they circulate in the blood and lymph. They are larger than regular B cells because of their extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum which is used for the mass production and secretion of antibodies to a specific antigen.
 * B cells and T cells
 * are capable of identifying antigens because of their antigen receptors (a plasma membrane receptor protein whose shape lets them combine with specific antigens.
 * each lymphatic has one type of receptor
 * some say that the antigen and the receptor come together like a "lock and key"
 * they produce plasma and memory cells
 * antibody
 * are identical tot he BCR of the B cell that was activated.
 * any numerous "Y" shaped proteins created by B cells as the main source of immune defense... each molecule has a clone with an unique binding site that can combine with an antigen... disabling the antigen while also signaling other immune defense (**information found off of dictionary.com**)
 * antibody mediated immunity
 * the defense created by B cells
 * they are called "antibody mediated immunity" because the activated B cells become plasma cells that create antibodies.
 * Define and describe (** information found on dictionary.com**)
 * active immunity
 * immunity created by the development of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen... from a vaccination or from exposure to an infectious disease
 * passive immunity
 * an immunity coming from the injection of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes from another organism or, in infants, from the transfer of antibodies through the placenta or from colostrum.
 * vaccine
 * A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacteria or virus... or of a portion of that pathogen's structure thatonce put in the body- antibody production or cellular immunity against that pathogen is built up- but is incapable of causing severe infection.
 * antibody titer
 * a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope... which is expressed in the greatest "dilution ratio" that still gives a positive result (** found off of wikipedia.com**)
 * The Hepatitis B vaccine was prepared by genetically engineering bacteria to mass-produce a protein from the pathogen and the protein can be used as a vaccine.
 * vaccines are substances that have an antigen that the immune system responds to- usually vaccines are the pathogen themselves or their products that have been treated so that they are no longer able to cause disease in the person.
 * a vaccine could be a contraceptive by "immunizing" women against HGC- (the hormone needed to maintain the implantation of the embryo). Some think that it is possible for a safe anti sperm vaccination to be created for women.
 * when someone has cancer it means that the body has failed to get rid of cancer cells even though they have antigens that make them different from normal cells. The vaccine "Melacine" that contains broken melanoma cells from two different sources is being investigated for melanoma. A vaccine with genetically engineered immune cells that would take over the tumor's antigens- they would produce cytokines and present the antigen to the antigen to the cytotoxic T cells- and then they go on to destroy tumor cells in the body.
 * Describe "setback" number 2.
 * they are many different types and subtypes of HIV. HIV may differ by 10% within the infected person an by 35% in people across the world. HIV has many differently types of surface proteins and the vaccine is concentrated on the surface protein of HIV.
 * Describe setback number 3.
 * the vaccine could only create short-term protection- people would need to get multiple shots (much like the flu vaccination)