Immune+System


 * Immune System Wiki Homework. (Chapter 7)**

For each of the following define their function and include their role in immunity (the ability to combat disease). (p.127-128)
 * 7.2 Lymphatic System**
 * Red** **bone** **marrow**: The Red Bone Marrow produces all types of blood cells. The red bone marrow is limited in adults, and it also produces white blood cells.
 * thymus** **gland**: This is located in thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum.
 * spleen:** The spleen mainly filters blood. It is the largest lymphatic organ, and the spleen is located upper left region of abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen is split into white pulp and red pulp.
 * lymph** **nodes: The lymph nodes ** occur along side lymphatic vessels, and they filter lymph. They are divided into compartments, and they are filtered by macrophages.


 * 7.3 Nonspecific Defenses (p. 128-130)**

Describe the barriers to entry and include their role in immunity Define the players in the inflammatory response   **List the four steps in the inflammatory response.**      1. The injured cells release histamine.  2. The macrophasges and dendritic cells phagocutize pathogens and release cytokines.  3. The neutrophils and monocytes go through the capillary wall.  4. The blood clotting walls of the capillaries thus preventing blood loss.
 * Skin and mucous membranes**: The intact skin is usually very effective barrier; the mucus membranes are also effective to pathogens. The ciliated cells move mucus into throat where it can be swallowed.
 * Chemical Barriers**: Chemical barriers have secretions that contain chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on skin. The perspiration, saliva, and tears contain an enzyme called lysozyme. Lysozyme flushes toxins from the body...cleansing.
 * Resident Bacteria**: Resident bacteria is found inside the mouth, intestines, and other various areas. These bacteria take up the space other bacteria could potentially use.
 * histamine**: Histamine causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable.
 * mast cells**: Mast cells are protectors against pathogens and is a resident of many cells. Histamine.
 * pus**: Pus is a yellow-white substance. This is also known as dying neutophils.
 * cytokines**: Cytokines are chemical mediators secreted by neutrophils.
 * macrophages**: Macorphages are Big Eaters, and they are the more powerful pathogens.
 * Describe the complement system and its role in immunity.**The compliment system is composed of a number of blood plasma proteins designed by the letter C. They are involved and amplify the inflammatory process because certain proteins compliment and bind to the mast cells and trigger histamine release.
 * Describe the membrane attack complex and its role in immunit****y.** Produces holes in the surface of some bacteria and viruses. Fluids and salts then enter the bacteria to the point of bursting.
 * Describe interferon and its role in immunity.** These are proteins produced by virus-infected cells as a warning to non-infected cells. They prepare other cells for attack from viruses.


 * 7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130)**
 * Define Antigens**. Antigens are molecules the immune system recognizes as foreign.
 * H****ow does specific defense differ from nonspecific defense?** When nonspecific defense fails to prevent a disease, specific defense helps. They overcome an infection by doing away with the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body. Protects from cancer. Responds to antigens, and depends on the action of the lymphocytes, which differentiate either B Cells or T Cells.
 * Which blood cells are mainly responsible for specific defense, and how do they function? (make a table like the one on page 130)** B-Cells: Produce plamsa and memory cells. Plasma Cells: Produce specific antibodies. Memory Cells: Ready to produce antibodies in the future. T Cells: Regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and helper T Cells. Cytotoxic T Cells: Kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Helper T Cells: Regulate immunity. Memory T Cells: Ready to kill in the future.


 * 7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136)**
 * What is acquired immunity?** Naturally occurring immunity through infection or that is brought about artificially by medical intervention.
 * What is active immunity and explain an example?** Active immunity is the individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen.
 * What is passive immunity and explain an example?** Passive immunity is given prepared antibodies via an injection.


 * 7. 6 Hypersensitivity Reactions (pp.138-139)**
 * When is the immune system hypersensitive?** When individuals develop allergies, receive an incompatible blood type, suffer tissue rejection, or have an autoimmune disease.
 * Explain how an allergy is an example of hypersensitivity.** Hypersensitivity to a substance: Body's response to an antigen, called allergens.
 * Explain how tissue rejection is an example of hypersensitivity.** The body's immune system recognizes the foreign tissue as not 'self'.
 * Define autoimmune disease.** Autoimmune disease when the cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they bear foreign antigens.
 * Define the following autoimmune diseases.**
 * multiple sclerosis (MS):** T cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.
 * lupus:** Kidney damage from anti-antigen within the body.
 * rheumatoid arthritis:** The joints are affected.