Contraceptives+NLL


 * 1. P. 331 Define Contraceptives.** Contraceptives are medications and devices that reduce the chance of pregnancy.


 * 2. P. 331 What is an oral contraceptive (birth control pill)? How do work?** (Talk about he hormones.) The oral contraceptive contains a combination of estrogen and progesterone for the first 21 days, followed by seven inactive pills. The estrogen and progesterone in the birth control pill or a patch applied to the skin effectively shuts down the pituitary production of both FSH and LH so that no follicle in the ovary begin to develop in the ovary; since ovulation does not occur, pregnancy cannot take place. Because of possible side effects, women taking birth control pills should see a physician regularly.


 * 3. P. 332 What is an IUD? How does it prevent pregnancy?** An intrauterine device is a small piece of molded plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a physician. IUDs are believed to alter the environment of the uterus and oviducts so that fertilization probably will not occur—but if fertilization should occur, implantation cannot take place.

What does perforation mean? Perforation is a hole made by boring or piercing.
 * 4. Charts on p. 333. How does an Intrauterine device copper T work? How effective is it? What are the health risks?** Intrauterine device Copper T causes cervical mucus to thicken; fertilized embryo cannot implant. It is 99% effective. Health risk consists of cramps, bleeding, infertility, and perforation of the uterus.


 * 5. Charts on p. 333. How does Intrauterine device progesterone releasing type work? What does the progesterone do that the IUD copper T device can't do? How does progesterone do this?** Intrauterine device progesterone releasing type work prevents ovulation; causes cervical mucus to thicken, fertilized embryo cannot implant. Intrauterine prevents ovulation while Intrauterine device cooper T does not.


 * 6. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does an IUD look like? How big is it relative to the uterus?** An intrauterine device is a small piece of molded plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a physician. IUDs are believed to alter the environment of the uterus and oviducts so that fertilization probably will not occur—but if fertilization should occur, implantation cannot take place.


 * 7. P. 332. What is a diaphragm? When is it inserted? What must you use with the diaphragm for it to be effective?** The diaphragm is a soft latex cup with a flexible rim that lodges behind the pubic bone and fits over the cervix. A physician must properly fit each woman, and the diaphragm can be inserted into the vagina no more than 2 hours before sexual relations. Also, it must be used with spermicidal jelly or cream and should be left in place at least 6 hours after sexual relations. The cervix cup is a minidiaphragm.


 * 8. P. 332. What is the difference between a diaphragm and a cervical cap?** The cervical cap is smaller than a diaphragm. The cervical cap is considered the minidiaphragm.


 * 9. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does a diaphragm look like? How big is it? What is being added to it in the picture?** A diaphragm looks like a semi-circle cup. It doesn’t look big at all but each diaphragm is different because it has to properly fit the woman. Spermicidal Jelly is being added.

Diaphragm is a latex cup placed into vagina to cover cervix before intercourse. The diaphragm blocks entrance of sperm into uterus, and spermicide kills sperm. 90% effective with spermicide. The health risk are irritation, allergic reaction, urinary tract inflection, and toxic syndrome. Toxic syndrome is a bacterial affection. Cervical Cap is a latex cap held over the cervix. It blocks the entrance of sperm into uterus, spermicide kills sperm. 90% effective with spermicide. Health risk are irritation, allergic reaction, toxic shock syndrome, and abnormal pap test.
 * 10. Chart on page 333. How do the diaphragm and cervical cap work? How effective are they with spermicide? What are the health risks? What is toxic shock syndrome? (You will need to look this up on the Internet**)


 * 11. Charts on p. 333. Other than abstinence, what are the only contraceptives that protect against STDS? Why do you think this is the case?** Male and female condom. Natural family planning. Withdrawal method. When having sex there isn’t a way to protect yourself from STD’s.


 * 12. Charts on p. 333. How effective is the male condom? Female condom? Why do you think one is more effective than the other?** The male condom is 89% effective while the female condom is 79% less effective. The male condom would be more effective because it actually fits securely around the erected penis.


 * 13. P. 332. What hormone do contraceptive implants contain? How big are the implants? Where are they located? How long are they effective?** Contraceptive implants utilize synthetic progesterone to prevent ovulation by disrupting the ovarian cycle. The older version of the implant consists of six matched-sized, time-release capsules that are surgically implanted under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. The newest version consists of a single capsule that remains effective for about 3 years.


 * 14. P. 332. What is injected in a contraceptive injection? How long is this effective?** Contraceptive injections are available as progesterone only or a combination of estrogen and progesterone. The length of time between injections can only vary from three months to a few weeks.


 * 15. P. 332. Some contraceptive vaccines are being developed. In this case, you would train your body's immune system to attack something. What could a contraceptive vaccine get your body's own cells to attack?** Contraceptive vaccines are now being developed. For example, a vaccine intended to immunize women against HCG, the hormone so necessary to maintaining the implantation of the embryo was successful in a limited clinical trial. Since HCG is not normally present in the body; no autoimmune reaction is expected, but the immunization does wear off with time. Others believe that it would also be possible to develop a safe anti-sperm vaccine that could be used in women.


 * 16. P. 332 (see picture too) what is a vasectomy? How is it done? What are the effects?** Vasectomy consists of cutting and sealing the vas deferens on each side so that the sperm are unable to reach the seminal fluid that is ejected at the time of orgasm. The sperm are then largely reabsorbed. Following this operation, which can be done in a doctor’s office, the amount for only about 1% of the volume of semen. Also, there is no effect on the secondary sex characteristics since testosterone continues to be produced by the testes.


 * 17. P. 332 (see picture too) what is a tubal ligation? How is it done? What are the effects?** Tubal ligation consists of cutting and sealing the oviducts. Pregnancy rarely occurs because the passage of the egg through the oviducts has been blocked. Using a method called laparoscopy, which requires only two small incisions, the surgeon inserts a small, lighted telescope to view the oviducts a small surgical blade to sever them.


 * 18. P. 332 What is RU-486? How does it work? (Role of progesterone)** RU-486 is a pill that is presently used to cause the loss of an implanted embryo by blocking the progesterone receptor proteins of endometrial cells. Without functioning receptors for progesterone, the endometrial sloughs off, carrying the embryo with it. When taken in conjunction with a prostaglandin to induce uterine contractions, RU-486 is 95% effective. It is possible that some day this medication will also be a “morning-after pill,” taken when menstruation is late without evidence that pregnancy has occurred.