Endocrine+and+Urinary+System+homework+EAT

In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet) Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198 On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. First Define Homeostasis. Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body. Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly. Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter. Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?
 * Urinary System**
 * removes toxic waste from the blood and gets them ready to exit the body. kidneys maintain the water-salt ratio and the acid-base balance of the blood.
 * the kidneys produce the urine, the ureters move the urine, the urinary bladder stores the urine, the urethra is where the urine leaves the body.
 * Diuretic is a drug that increases the amount of urine the body produces and releases. they also increase the amount of water the body releases.
 * examples: furosemide, ethacrynic acid, torasemide, and bumetanide
 * ADH is released by the posterior pituitary based on the osmolarity of the blood. if the water intake is low then ADH is released so that the water can move from the distal convoluted tubule to the blood...while also collecting duct.
 * regulates the internal environment... in order to keep the organ stable and in constant condition.
 * the kidneys take the waste away from the body- the removal of wast is very important for maintaining homeostasis.
 * cardiovascular system the kidneys make renin which helps maintain the blood pressure... the blood vessels move the nitrogen-filled waste to the kidneys and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
 * digestive system the liver produces the urea released from the kidneys. the yellow color of the urine is called urochrome and is produced by the liver. the digestive system is responsible for absorbing that nutrients, ions, and water. these actions help the kidneys control the proper level of ions and water that are in the blood.
 * muscular system the kidneys control the amount of ions in the blood. ions are essential to the contraction of muscles... including the ones that propel fluids in the ureters and urethra.
 * the nervous system the ions that the kidneys regulate are necessary for the nerve impulse conduction. the nervous system also helps to control urination.
 * respiratory system- the kidneys help the lungs by releasing the carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions... while the lungs help the kidneys control the acid-base balance of the blood by releasing carbon dioxide.
 * endocrine system- the renin produced by the kidneys lead to the creation of aldosterone (a hormone that helps the kidneys maintain the water-salt balance) the kidneys make the hormone erythropoietin and changed vitamin D to a hormone. the posterior pituitary then releases ADH... which regulates water absorption by the kidneys.
 * integumentary- the sweat glands release the sweat (water salt and urea) the kidneys help keeps the water-salt balance.
 * Endocrine System**
 * ADH forces more water to be reabsorbed into the kidneys. as the blood is diluted the ADH stops being released.
 * growth hormone generates skeletal and muscular growth. it controls the rate in which amino acids enter the cells and the rate at which protien synthesis takes place.
 * pituitary dwarfism occurs when too little GH is produced during childhood. the person will have perfect proportions but be really short.
 * acromegaly is when over production of GH occurs in adults... since the skeletal growth is done only the face, hands and feet can grow.
 * simple goiter is when there is over stimulation and the thyroid becomes enlarged. using iodized salt helps the thyroid create thyroid hormones... and will therefore help prevent simple goiter.
 * congenital hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid fails to develop properly. people who have this problem are short and "stocky" and have had low amounts of the thyroid hormone since young childhood. you can get thyroid therapy to help stimulate growth- but if you dont start this treatment within two months of birth... you will have mental retardation.
 * myxedema when the thyroid produces too little thyroid hormone in adults... people who have this condition will be constantly tired, gain weight lose hair, have a slower pulse, a lower body temperature, and have thick or puffy skin. the person would have to take thyroid hormones inorder to repain the thyroid and have their body return to normal.
 * expophthalmic goiter occurs when the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormones. people with this problem will have protruding eyes, will be hyper active, nervous, irritable, and have insomnia. removing or destruction of part of the thyroid by radioactive iodine will sometimes cure this problem.
 * epinephrine is made by the adrenal medulla and rapidly brings the body to a change. these changes happen when a person reacts to an emergency in a fight- or- flight manner. the hormones give the person a short-term reaction to stress.