Immmmmmmune+systemy

7.2 Lymphatic System For each of the following define their function and include their role in immunity (the ability to combat disease). (p.127-128) Red bone marrow- produce blood cells. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes: White blood cells and B cells. T cells mature in the thymus. thymus gland- it produces thymic hormones, such as thymosin. important because T-cells mature in the Thymus gland, harmful cells killed and eliminated there. Spleen- it filters blood. It’s the largest lymphatic organ. People who lose a spleen get infections more often. contain macrophages that eat the antibodies. lymph nodes- filters lymph by macrophages 7.3 Nonspecific Defenses (p. 128-130)

Describe the barriers to entry and include their role in immunity Skin and mucous membranes- physical wall that prevents infection. Mucous membranes lining the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts are also barriers.. Chemical Barriers- contain chemicals. Prespiration, saliva, and tears, mucous, oil contain an antibacterial enzyme called lyosome that weaken or kill certain bacteria on the skin. Resident Bacteria- created by flora. By using up available nutrients and releasing their own waste, they prevent pathogens residing.

Define the players in the inflammatory response Histamine- produced by basophils in blood and connective tissue. white blood cells and antibodies get to side of infection mast cells- causes allergic reactions -formed in response to allergens, attach, causing it to release histamine. Pus- yellowy gross slime made of phagocytes, dead tissue, and bacteria. Cytokines- protein that makes cells in the immune system do their job Macrophages- phagocytic cell that ingests microbes and other crap.

List the four steps in the inflammatory response (figure 7.9) 1) mast cells release histamine 2) Macrophages and dendritic cells release cyokines, which stimulate the inflammatory response. 3) Neutrophils and monocytes phagocytize pathogens. 4) Blood clotts walls off capillaries.

Describe the complement system and its role in immunity.- composed of blood plasma proteins. The proteins complement individual immune reactions. These give them their names Describe the membrane attack complex and its role in immunity.- makes holes in bacteria and viruses Describe interferon and its role in immunity: proteins produced by virus-infected cells to warn non-infected cells. Interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cells. 7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130) Define Antigens.- foreign thing made of generally protein that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. How does specific defense differ from nonspecific defense? Specific defenses overcome an infection by getting rid of the particular disease that it matches with. They also protect us against specific types of cancer because those are specific to each person. Which blood cells are mainly responsible for specific defense, and how do they function? (make a table like the one on page 130)

Table 7.1 Immune Type and Function

Plasma Cells-specific antibodies B cells-plasma cells and memory cells Memory cells- antibodies Helper T cells- Regulate immune system T cells- Regulate immune response Memory T cells- killers in future

7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136) What is acquired immunity? develops as it comes into contact with various antigens. Immune system defends against specific antigens.

What is active immunity and explain an example? It’s immunity in which the individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen. Given active immunity to a person who has nothing wrong so that future infection will not take place due to the vaccines. What is passive immunity and explain an example? Immunity where someone is given an injection with prepared antibodies.

7. 6 Hypersensitivity Reactions (pp.138-139) When is the immune system hypersensitive? – when people get allergies, receive an incompatible blood type, suffer tissue rejection, or have an autoimmune disease. Explain how an allergy is an example of hypersensitivity.- it damages tissue Explain how tissue rejection is an example of hypersensitivity. It rejects its own tissue Define autoimmune disease.- the body attacks its own cells. Define the following autoimmune diseases. multiple sclerosis (MS)- autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks nervous system, affecting the ability of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord to communicate with each other and so the body is often spastic. Lupus- connective tissue disease characterized by rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart. rheumatoid arthritis- disorder that causes inflammation and tissue damage in joints and tendon sheaths.