Digestion+JO

1. Name and describe the three processes that occur during the digestive process. Movement:** process of passing food along the tract
 * 8.1 Overview of Digestion
 * Absorption:** occurs when unit molecules pass through the GI wall and enter the cells lining the tract. (Nutrients enter blood stream)
 * Elimination**: the removal of indigestible waste through the anus.

The four layers are; Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa. Diverticulosis is a condition associated with the mucosa. During diverticulosis the mucus has created pouches where food collects. The pouches can then become infected or inflamed. For the sub-mucosa the blood can cause a inflammatory bowel disease which is characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. Muscularis can be associated with irritable bowel syndrome which contractions of the wall cause abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea; the cause could possibly be stress. Serosa can be affected by appendicitis if not treated immediately and could cause some serious if not fatal damage.
 * 2. What are the four layers of the GI tract? Associate an illness with each of the layers. Describe the illness.**


 * 8.2 The First Part of the Digestive Tract**
 * Palate**: the palate seperates into two, hard and soft. The hard palate is located towards the front and the soft towards the back. The hard palate contains many bones while the soft is only muscle.
 * Salivary glands**: send saliva by way of ducts to the mouth. Within the saliva lies and enzyme called salivary amylase which begins the process of digesting starch.
 * Dental carries**: also known as cavities. It occurs when bacteria within the mouth metabolize sugar and give off acids, which erode teeth.
 * Periodontitis**: the loss of bone and loosening of teeth.
 * Pharynx:** is a passage where the food passage and air passage cross.
 * Esophagus**: a long narrow tube that takes food to the stomach.
 * Glottis**: the opening to the larynx or the air passage.
 * Epiglottis**: a cover for the glottis
 * Peristalsis**: pushes the food along the esophagus and in all organs of the digestive tract.
 * Sphincters**: muscle that encircle tubes and act as valves.
 * Diaphragm**: the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.


 * 3. Describe the mecahnical and chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth.

4. What ordinarily prevents food from entering the nose or entering the trachea when you swallow?** The pharynx.

5. What causes the burning sensation associated with heartburn?** Acid reflux is the cause of heartburn. It happens when stomach contents go up into the esophagus.
 * Health Focus Heartburn (p148)

Gastroesophagel reflux disease. It is the chronic heartburn condition; the reflux is more common and it last longer in the esophagus.
 * 6. What is GERD? How is it different from heartburn?**

**7. Describe two ways drugs treat GERD.** The drugs neutralize stomach acid. Prescribed medications can shut down and reduce acid production. (you can also modify eating habits)

Avoiding high fat meals, avoiding over eating, eat more small meals rather then a couple huge ones, and light and slow pace exercise should help.
 * 8. Describe ways to avoid hearburn that do not involve drugs.**