Chapter+2.3+KR

SUBMIT TO YOUR WIKI PAGE (INNER FISH UNIT)** Define...organic molecules 1. What are the four classes of molecules unique to cells? 2. What type of reaction occurs during the synthesis of macromolecules? Define... monosaccharide: simple sugar, single unit of carbohydrate disaccharide: carbohydrate made by joining 2 monosaccharides together glucose: hexose of our bodies used as an immediate source of energy (C6H12O6) polysaccharide: carbohydrate that contains many glucose units starch: stored form of glucose in plants and animals; up to 4,000 glucose units in length glycogen: stored form of glucose in plants and animals cellulose: polysaccharide that is found only in plant cell walls 1. What is the usual function of carbohydrates in humans? 2. What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and the various complex carbohydrates? 3. Of what benefit is fiber in our diet? 1. Define saturated fats, unstaturated fat, and trans fat. 2. What is the main function of fats and oils and what are they composed of? 3. What are the uses of phospholids and steroids in the body? Define peptide bond, and denaturation 1. What are the major functions of proteins in an organism? 2. How does an amino acid get its name? 3. How does the shape of a protein relate to its function.
 * 2.3 Molecules of Life (p.27)
 * Organic Molecule: type of molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 * Made by something that was alive
 * Nothing was manmade
 * 4 categories:
 * Carbohydrates (glucose)
 * Lipids (fat)
 * Proteins (enzyme)
 * Nucleic Acids (DNA)
 * Dehydration reaction occurs during the synthesis of macromolecules. In this type of reaction, water is removed.
 * 2.4 Carbohydrates (p. 28-29)**
 * The usual function of carbohydrates in humans is to store and use energy and absorb sugar to monitor the hemoglobin levels.
 * A simple carbohydrate is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide (glucose). These types of sacharrides are only 1 or 2 units of glucose in length. Contrasting, a polysaccharide is composed of multiple monosaccharides making it more complex and more valuable to the human body as it contains more glucose. Complex carbohydrates have thousands of chains of glucose molecules connected together.
 * Fiber adds bulk to the fecal material to prevent constipation. Carbohydrate found in animals and plants. It cannot be digested or broken down.
 * 2.5 Lipids**
 * Saturated Fats: have no bonds between carbon atoms, saturated with hydrogen atoms which makes them solid
 * Example: Butter, come from animals
 * Unsaturated Fats: have double bonds in carbon chain whenever the number of hydrogens is less than 2 per carbon
 * Trans Fats: are partially hydrogenated to make them semi-solid in consistency
 * Done in the laboratory, particularly bad for humans
 * Fats are used in food as well as oil. Fats are typically found in margarine and shortening where as oils are more common for cooking and there are many types such as vegetable, olive etc... Also used to store energy.
 * Phospholipids form the polar-head of the molecule in the phospholipid bilayer. They are a component of cellular membranes where the head is hydrophillic and the interior is hydrophobic. Steroids are used in the body for multiple reasons. A steroid is composed of 4 fused carbon rings. The functions of steroids depends on the number of different groups attached to the ring. An example of a commonly known steroid is cholesterol. Used to form various hormones in the human body.
 * 2.6 Proteins (p. 32-34)**
 * Peptide Bond: covalent bond between 2 amino acids (or proteins)
 * Denaturation: process that occurs when proteins are exposed to extreme environment (irreversible change)
 * Support for hair and nails
 * Enzymes
 * Transport proteins across membranes
 * Defense against disease
 * Hormones
 * Motion (muscle contractions)
 * Amino acids get their names from the 'R' group attached to the -COOH group and -NH2 groups
 * The shape of the protein is crucial. A denatured protein has no function and causes diseases such as Alzheimers and Creutzfeld-Jakob. The protein has multiple structures known as the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quartenary. Quartenary structured proteins are types of enzymes and hemoglobin.