urinary+gland+homework-+rebecca

In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). The micturintion is when the receptors and the sensors tell the brain the bladder is full and therefore the sphincters relax so that urination is possible. Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
 * Urinary System**
 * The kidneys produce urine from the bladder. The ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urinary bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body. The bladder is drained from the ureters and the urethra. The urethra is a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to n eternal opening. It removes the urine from the bladder.

Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet) Examples: high ceiling loop diuretics, Thiazides, Osmotic Diuretics
 * "diuretic is any drug that elevates the rate of bodily stool excretion. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase that excretion of waste from the body, although each class of fiuretic does so in a distinct way. "

Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198
 * ADH stands for is a hormone called antidiuretic hormone. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary according to the osmolarity of the blood. AHD is secreted by the posterior pituitary and water moves from the distal convoluted tubule and also the collecting duct, into the blood.

On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. First Define Homeostasis.
 * Homeostasis is the maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulation mechanisms.

Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body.
 * There are many stages that help teh kidneys with homeostasis. The urinary system helps get rid of the waste in the kidneys, or the water- salt that may hurt the kidneys. The cardiovascular system helps the kidneys maitain a good blood pressure. The blood vessels transport nitrogenous waste to the kidneys. The digestive system helps breaks down the food, and helps the kidenys maintain the proper level of iron iron water in the blood. The muscular system helps the kidneys maintain the iron in the blood. The nervous system helps the kidneys with the iron in the blood, and it also helps with the impulse conditions. The nervous system controls when you go to the bathroom (urinate). Teh resportary system- the kidneys help the lungs by getting rid of the carbon dioxide while teh lungs help the kidneys maintain the acid base balance of the blood by excreting carbon dioxide. The endocrine system helps teh kidneys maintain the water- salt balance. The integumentary system which helps with gettig rid of waste like urine.

Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.
 * Endocrine System**
 * These hormones pass through the axons into the posterior pituitary where they arestored in axon endings. When these cells determain that teh blood is too concentrated ADH is released from the posterior pituitary. Upon reaching the kidneys, ADH causes more water to be reabsorded into the kidneys capillaries.AS the blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released.
 * Growth hormone - or somatotrophic hormone promotes skeletal and muscular growth. It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter the cell and protein synthesis occurs. It also promotes the fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism.
 * Pituitary dwarfism is when you have too little GH that is produced in childhood. Too much GH is secreted, a person can become a GIANT. A giant can have poor health, because the GH has a secondary effect on the blood sugar level promoting an illness called diabetes mellitus.
 * and acromegaly is when your feet, hands, and face grow and become overly large. Your bones stop growing but everything else starts to grow.

Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.
 * Thyroid gland: If iodine is laking in the dietm the thyriod gland is unable to produce the thyroid hormone. The thyroid will enlarge resulting in a simple goiter. Congenital hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland fails to develop properly. People are short and stocky and have extreme hypothyroidism in infancy or childhood. Thyroid hormone therapy can initiate growth. Myxedema is weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse rate, lower body temperature, and thickness and puffiness of the skin. This is all caused by the hypothyroidism in adults. Expophthalmic goiter is when the thyroid gland is over reactive. The eyes protrude. The removal of the thyroid can help this. This is caused by radiation.

Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?
 * It changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation in a fight- or flight manor. The effect of these hormones provide a short term response to stress.

SOURCES: wikipedia and test book.