March+Exam+CH

Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function (Human Cells and Tissues HW due 2/8)
(1) What is a Cell? (2) What does the cell theory state? (3) Why are cells so tiny? (4) What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? (5) Which of these also occur in prokaryotes (bacteria)? Which one does not occur?
 * Cells are the basic units of life, and new cells only come from preexisting cells. Cells are quite small and usually seen only by microscope, (Cells are small) because it gives them a favorable surface- to volume ratio.
 * A cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are made up of cells, New cells arise only from preexisting cells.
 * The small size of cells is explained by surface to volume ratio. Basically the Volume represents the needs of a cell but as cells get larger in volume the surface area decreases. THIS IS A PROBLEM. MORE VOLUME LESS SURFACE. SO CELLS ARE HAVE SMALL VOLUMES AND THUS A GREATER ABILITY TO GET MATERIAL IN AND OUT OF THE CELLS.
 * 1) cytoplasm
 * 2) plasma membrane
 * 3) organelles
 * Plasma membrane and cytoplasm do occur in prokaryotes. Organnelles do not.

http://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/HB+Human+Cells+and+Tissues

Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems (Human Cells and Tissues HW due 2/8)
(1) What is a tissue? (2) What are the four major types of tissues found in the human body? Also describe each one. http://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/HB+Human+Cells+and+Tissues
 * A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body.
 * 1) Connective tissue-binds and supports body parts.
 * 2) Epithelial tissue-covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
 * 3) Muscle tissue-contracts to move the body and its parts
 * 4) Nervous tissue-receives stimuli and conducts electrical (charge) impulses.

Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels (Cardiovascular System HW due 1/29)
(1) What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system? (2) What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? (3) What are the types of blood vessels? (5) Why is the heart a double pump? (6) What causes the "lub" and the "dup" of the heart sounds? (8) What does the pulse rate of a person indicate? (9) What accounts for blood flow in the arteries? http://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/HB+Cardiovascular+System ==Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood (Blood HW due 1/31) (1) What are the functions of blood, and what are its two main portions? * The blood transports oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues. It also picks up carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissues and takes them away to the lungs and kidneys. * The blood also defends the body against invasion by pathogens in several ways. For example, there are white blood cells that can attack pathogens. * The blood also has regulatory functions. For example, it helps the body temperature stay constant by picking up heat and transporting it throughout the body. The main portions of blood are... * formed elements like cells  * and plasma  (3) What substances allow red blood cells (RBCs) to transport oxygen? * Hemoglobin in RBCs allows RBCs to transport oxygen. (6) What are the different blood types and what determines blood type? * The different blood types are type A, type B, type AB, and type O. To determine someone's blood type it's based on the presence or absence of two possible antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells (7) Among the ABO type who can give blood to whom? Why? * Antibodies in the plasma cannot combine with antigens on the surface of the red blood cells or else agglutination occurs. With agglutination, anti- A antibodies combine with type A antigens, and anti- B antibodies combine with type B antigens. Type O blood is considered the universal donor because agglutination does not occur with any other blood type because Type O blood has neither A or B antigens so it will not react with Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies. Type AB blood is the universal acceptor because the body will have neither anti A or anti B antibodies.==
 * 1) heart
 * 2) blood vessels
 * contractions of the heart generates blood pressure
 * blood vessels transport the blood
 * exchanges of nutrients, wastes, gases at the capillaries
 * the heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow
 * 1) arteries
 * 2) capillaries
 * 3) veins
 * The heart has a right and left side. Each side has an atrium and a ventricle. Valves keep the blood moving in the correct direction. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
 * The softer lub sound is due to the slamming shut of the atrioventricular valves between the smaller atrium and larger ventricle. This is followed by the louder "dup" sound due to the slamming shut of the semilunar valves between the ventricles and the arteries taking blood away from the heart. These valves close with more force and make a louder sound. Lub DUP.
 * The pulse rate indicates the heart beat (pumping) rate
 * The blood pressure caused by the beating of the heart accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries.

Chapter 8 Digestive System and Nutrition (Digestive System HW Due 1/10)
3. Describe the mechanical digestion and the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth. 4. What ordinarily prevents food from entering the nose or entering the trachea when you swallow? 5. What are the function of the stomach, and how is the wall of the stomach modified to perform these functions? 6. What are the functions of the small intestine and how is the wall of the small intestine modified to perform these functions? 7. What are the three main accessory organs that assist with the digestive process? 8. How does each accessory organ contribute to the digestion of food? 9. What are the different parts of the large intestine? 10. What are the functions of the large intestine? http://ehumanbiofield.wikispaces.com/Digestive+System+HW+CC
 * Mechanical digestion starts when we begin chewing food in our mouths right as we enter it. The teeth help move the food around in the mouth and break it down some. The tongue then helps shape the chewed food into a mass called a bolus, which it then passes toward the pharynx
 * Chemical Digestion is the break down of foods by enzymes and there are enzymes in the saliva that break down sugars.
 * The glottis is the opening to the larynx, which is the voice box. When we swallow, the epiglottis is supposed to cover and close off the opening (the glottis) to the larynx so food can't go down this way. Your soft palate moves back and covers the opening in the mouth to the nose.
 * The stomach's main purposes are to store food, start the digestion of proteins, and control the movement of chyme into the small intestine. The stomach is surrounded by a wall made up of the 4 usual layers, but two of them have been modified. Instead of just 2 layers of smooth muscle, the muscularis has 3 smooth layers of muscle. This allows the stomach to stretch and break down the food and liquids in to smaller sizes. The mucosa is different in the stomach in that it has deep folds and also has gastric glands which produce the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins.
 * Food enters the small intestine after it has gone through the stomach. It enters the small intestine as chyme in squirts from the stomach. Digestion is finalized in the small intestine because it contains enzymes that are able to do the final breaking down of foods. These enzymes are made by the pancreas. The small intestine wall absorbs sugars, amino acids, lipids. The mucosa of the small intestine contains villi (little projections) which help absorb nutrients.
 * pancreas, the liver, and the gall bladder.
 * The pancreas produces digestive enzymes which are released in to the small intestine and are able to break down all kinds of food.
 * The liver helps to filter blood in capillaries and also stores iron and other vitamins.
 * The gall bladder stores bile from the liver until it is sent by the bile ducts to the small intestine. Bile helps digest fat.
 * rectum, cecum, anal canal, and the colon.
 * The large intestine re-absorbs water and maintains the fluid balance of the body, absorbs some vitamins, processes undigested material, and stores waste before it is eliminated.

Chapter 9 Respiratory System (Respiratory System HW due 1/28)
(1) What is the purpose of the respiratory system? (2) Describe the path of air from the nose to the lungs.
 * It makes sure that the organs of the respiratory system lets oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide to leave the body.
 * As air enters through the nose it is led through the nasal cavities, which are narrow canals that are separated by bone and cartilage. Then the air goes through the pharynx. The larynx is the passageway from the pharynx to the trachea. Also known as the voicebox. The air can then enter through the lungs from the trachea by way of a bronchus which branches into bronchioles.
 * nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchus --> bronchioles --> lungs

(3) Which organs are part of the upper respiratory tract and what is the function of each organ?
 * Nasal cavity filters, warms and moistens air.
 * Pharynx is the passageway for air and food cross.
 * Glottis is the space between pharynx and larynx.
 * Larynx produces sound.

(6) What organs are part of the lower respiratory tract? What are the the functions of each organ?
 * Trachea is the passage of air to the bronchi.
 * Bronchus is the passage of air to the lungs.
 * Bronchioles is the passage of air to the alveoli.
 * Lungs organs where gas exchange occurs
 * Diaphragm a muscle that is needed for breathing.

(7) Which organ of the respiratory tract functions in gas exchange?
 * Lungs or alveoli

Chapter 10 Urinary System and Excretion (Urinary System HW due 1/11) (1) What are the organs of the urinary system, and what are their functions? (2) In what TWO ways do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis? (4) What microscopic structure is responsible for the production of urine?

1) What are the organs of the urinary system, and what are their functions? The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. - The kidneys are the primary organs of excretion. This is the where the blood is filtered and wastes removed. - The ureters move the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. - The urinary bladder stores urine until it is removed from the body. - The urethra is the tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening, so it actually removes the urine.

(2) In what four ways do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis? 1. They excrete metabolic wastes, including nitrogenous wastes. 2. They maintain the right water to salt balance in our blood.

4) What microscopic structure is responsible for the production of urine? The nephrons produce our urine.

Chapter 13 Nervous System (Nervous System HW due 2/12) 3. What are the three parts of a neuron? 4. What is a nerve impulse and how does it spread (this requires a long answer). 5. Since neurons don't physically touch, how is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to the next? 7. What are the two main functions of the spinal cord? 8. What are the four major parts of the brain and the general function of each?

What is a nerve impulse and how does it spread?


 * The two nerve impulses are the Resting potential and the Action potential The resting potential is more Na+ outside the axon and more K+ inside the axon. the axon does not conduct an impulse.
 * The action potential is a change in polarity across axonal membrane as a nerve impulse occurs: When Na+ gates open, Na+ moves to the inside of the axon, and a depolarization occurs. When K+ gates open and K+ moves to outside the axon, a repolarization occurs.

Since neurons don't physically touch, how is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to the next?


 * When a neurotransmitter is released into a synaptic cleft, transmission of a nerve impulse occurs. Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the receiving membrane causes excitation or inhibition. Integration is the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals.

What are the two main functions of the spinal cord?


 * The spinal cord serves to conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain, and to carry out reflex action.

What are the four major parts of the brain and the general function of each?


 * The cerebrum had two central hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Controls thinking and sensation.
 * The Diencphalon: The Hypothalus controls homeostasis. The thalmus sends sensory input on to the the cerebrum.
 * The Cerebellum coordinates skeletal muscle contractions.
 * The brain stem: the medulla oblongota and the pons have centers for breathing and the heartbeat

Chapter 14 Senses (Senses HW due 2/13) (1) What is the function of a sensory receptor? (2) What is a exteroceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (3) What is an interoceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (4) What is a chemoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (5) What is a pain receptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (6) What is a photoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (7) What is a mechanooreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. (8 What is a thermoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO.

What is the function of a sensory receptor? To detect stimuli.

(2) What is a exteroceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. It detects stimuli from outside the body like the five senses.

(3) What is an interoceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. It detects stimuli inside the body like pressoreceptors (that detect blood pressure)

(4) What is a chemoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. Detects chemicals in your immediate surroundings. (like pH)

(5) What is a pain receptor? EXAMPLES TOO. A type of chemocreceptor that react to chemicals put out by damaged tissue. It allows us to know when there is something chemically wrong in our body because it tells our mind we are in pain.

pain-map.jpg

(6) What is a photoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. It is a receptor that reacts and recognizes light. It helps us with seeing and then adjusting our eyes to the lightness we are in.

(7) What is a mechanooreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. It is a receptor that is stimulated by mechanical force. It allows us to feel things such as pressure.

(8 What is a thermoreceptor? EXAMPLES TOO. A thermoreceptor recognizes changes in temperature in your surroundings. It allows our body to adapt to the temperature of the environment we are in.