patterns+of+chromosome+inheritance

1. What is interphase and what are the three stages of interphase. Describe them in detail. The cell grows larger, the number of organelles doubles and he amount of chromatin doubles as DNA synthesis occurs interphase lasts for about 20 hours 3 stages G1 stage - a cell doubles its organelles and it accumulates the materials needed fr DNA synthesis S stage - DNA replication occurs, a copy is made of all the DNNA in the cell. G2 stage - Te cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division such as the protein found in microtubules. 2. Define Mitosis and Cytokinesis and Apoptosis. Mitosis - a type of nuclear division Cytokinesis - Division of the cytoplasm Apoptosis - programmed cell death 3. Insert a picture of the "cell cycle". Label it as :The cell cycle. 4. Insert a picture of a human chromosome "karyotype". Label it as karyotype and define karyotype. Karyotype - is a picture of chromosomal make up of a cell that tells us a lot.
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pp. 380 Obtaining Fetal Chromosomes 1. Why would it be important to obtain fetal chromosomes? To determine weather or not the baby had any serious chromosomal abnormities like down syndrome 2. Describe the two ways to obtain fetal chromosomes. Chorionic villi sampling usually preformed from the 8th to 12th week of pregnancy the doctor inserts a long thin tube through the vagina into the uterus. fetal cells are obtained from the villi by suction. Amniocentesis - usually preformed from the 15th to 17th week of pregnancy. A long needle is passed through the abdominal wall to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid. Along with a few fetal cells. 3. Insert a picture of a drawing of aminiocentesis. Label it as amniocentesis. Aminiocentesis pp.381-384 Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of a chromosome before duplication and after duplication. They are the exact same and the structure only differs when the cell is duplicating itself 2. What does the cell use to pull the duplicated chromosomes apart? The spindle 3. Describe the important parts of each phase of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Prophase - the centrosomes outside the nucleus have duplicated and they move away from each other at opposite ends of the nucleus. Metaphase - the nuclear envelope is fragmented and the spindle occupies the region formerly occupied by the nucleus. The spindle is fully formed Anaphase - the centromeres uniting the sister chromatids divide. each cell receives a copy each type of chromosome and thereby has a full complement of genes Telophase - begins when the chromosomes arrive at the poles. during telophase the chromosomes become indistinct chromatin again. The spindle disappears as the nuclear envelope components reassemble in each cell. 4. How is the cytoplasm divided between the daughter cells following mitosis? A slight indentation called a clevage furrow passes around the ciircumference of the cell. Actin filaments form a contractile ring and as the ring gets smaller and smaller the clevage furrow pinches the cell in half 5. When do human body cells go through mitosis normally? when we grow 6. What is a result of mitosis that is not in control? Give an example of what can occur. th cell cycle keeps occuring when it should have stopped. A keliod which is a benign tumor 7. Insert a picture that includes each of the phases of mitosis in real cell photographs. Make sure the phases are labeled. Meiosis see p. 389 1. Define gamete, haploid chromosome number, diploid chromosome number. You may need to look these up. gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) that fuse together during fertilization haploid chromosome number - the parent cell has the diploid number of chromosomes while the daughter cells have half this number which is called the haploid number of chromosomes diploid chromosome number is (2n) the number of chromosomes the parent cell has 2. Which cells of your body have a diploid number of chromosomes? the parent cells 3. Which process makes cells with a diploid number of chromosomes? Meiosis 4. What is the purpose of meiosis? (see page 389) Meiosis is a part of the production of the sperm and egg which are necessary for proceation in humans 5. Which cells of your body have a haploid number of chromosomes? the four daughter cells following meiosis 6. Which process uses meiosis: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? sexual because it results in genetic recombination 7. Which takes less time: sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? asexual reproduction because it takes energy to find a mate, carry courtship and produce eggs or sperm that may never be used for reproduction 8. Why is sexual reproduction more complicated then asexual reproduction? sexual reproduction involves two beings with completely different DNA forming offspring with completely new DNA too asexual reproduction only requires a exact genetic copy of the adult where there are less complications because there are less chances for something to go wrong. 9. How do the benefits of sexual reproduction outweigh the costs? Because when sexual reproduction occurs there is a complete recombination of DNA and evolution occurs making the genetic make up of the newest human beings generally the strongest. The species with sexual reproduction are better equipped to survive the elements because they have all different strengths and weaknesses and different DNA while asexual reproduction can only produce replicas. || ||   ||   ||   || Please enter your password.
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