2.3+Review+and+Notes+JO

Define...organic molecules**
 * 2.3 Molecules of Life (p.27)
 * Organic Molecules:** organic molecules are unique to cells. They can be broken down into four categories; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. The first word organic refers to a molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon and usually relates to living things.

The classes are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
 * 1. What are the four classes of molecules unique to cells?**

The reaction is that of dehydration. During this reaction the equivalent of a water molecule is removed as the molecule is formed.
 * 2. What type of reaction occurs during the synthesis of macromolecules?**
 * the breakdown of the macromolecules goes through the hydrolysis reaction in which water components are added.

Define... Monosaccharide:** Is a low number of carbon atoms in a carbohydrate (3-7)
 * 2.4 Carbohydrates (p. 28-29)
 * Disaccharide:** Is the joining of two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
 * Glucose:** The 6-carbon sugar, or hexose, our bodies use as immediate energy
 * Polysaccharide:** Macromolecules that contain many glucose units. (ex: starch, glycogen)
 * Starch:** Is a form of glucose stored in plants and an animal, starch has fewer amounts of chains branching from the main chain.
 * Glycogen**: Is the other form of glucose store in plants and animals and is more complicated then starch.
 * Cellulose:** A polysaccharide found within plant cell walls. Humans cannot digest the linkage connecting the glucose units. It passes through as fiber or roughage.

The usual function of carbohydrates is that of short-term energy storage but it can also help prevent heart disease, this is not to be taken lightly though, the wrong amount can lead to an unhealthy body.
 * 1. What is the usual function of carbohydrates in humans?**

The difference is that simple carbohydrates have low amounts of sugar molecules and complex means many.
 * 2. What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and the various complex carbohydrates?**

The benefit is that of lowering the chance of heart disease. Fiber helps cleanse our bodies of unwanted cholesterol and keeps us from being constipated.
 * 3. Of what benefit is fiber in our diet?**

1. Define saturated fats, unsaturated fat, and trans fat.** Saturated means that the fatty acids have no double bonds BETWEEN carbon atoms, thus it is “saturated” with hydrogen’s. Unsaturated have no double bonds IN the carbon chain and the number of hydrogen’s is less than two per chain. Trans fat are fats that have been hydrogenated to the point of being a semi-solid or solid. Trans fats can be linked to cardiovascular diseases.
 * 2.5 Lipids

It is used for long-term energy storage, and insulates against heat loss as well as forms a protective cushion around vital organs.
 * 2. What is the main function of fats and oils and what are they composed of?**

Phospholipids are the primary components of cell membranes. Steroids deal with cholesterol and sex hormones, functions may vary.
 * 3. What are the uses of phospholipids and steroids in the body?**

Define peptide bond, and denaturation Peptide bond:** the covalent bond between two amino acids
 * 2.6 Proteins (p. 32-34)
 * Denaturation:** The changing of shape in proteins cause by extremes such as heat.

Some of the functions are support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones and motion.
 * 1. What are the major functions of proteins in an organism?**

The name was created because the amino acids consist of amino groups and acid groups. (Amino group NH2, acid group COOH)
 * 2. How does an amino acid get its name?**

Once the shape is lost it is unable to perform its task.
 * 3. How does the shape of a protein relate to its function.**