19.4+AT

1. what three types of therapy are presently the standard ways to treat cancer? - surgery (is often preceded and/ or followed by radiation therapy) - radiation therapy (ionizing radation causes chromosomal breakage and disrupts the cell cycle.) - chemotherapy- (it is a way to catch cancer cells that have spread throughout the body)- ( medications: i(alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, mitotic inhibitors, nitrosoureas) 2. what is an active form of inmmunotherapy and a passive form of immunotherapy for cancer? - an active form of immunotherapy is using genetically engineered immune cells to take the tumor's antigens. they produce cytokines and give the antigen to cytotoxic T cells- then they destroy tumor cells in the body. - a passive form of immunotherapy are monoclonal antibodies that are antibodies of the same type because they are created by the same plasma cell- some are designed to focus on the receptor proteins of cancer cells- to increase killing power of monoclonal antibodies they are attached to radioactive isotopes or chemotherapeutic drugs. 3. what type of p53 therapy is available? - p53 is needed for 19 hous to trigger apoptosis, programmed cell death- this gene seems to trigger cell death only in cancer cells. they have created a procedure that has genetically engineered an adenovirus that lacks the gene for the protein that kills p53. (now the adenovirus will only infect and ill the cells that lack a p53 gene.) the injected adenovirus goes through the body killing tomor cells along the way. this virus is now in clinical trials. 4. what is the rationale for antiangiogenesis therapy? - they confine and reduce tumors by breaking up the network of new capillaries in the area of the tumor. two affective drugs called "angiostatin" and "endostatin" have shown to inhibit angiogenesis in lab animals and are thought to do the same in humans.