Cancerhowsa

Define: apoptosis: Programmed cell death which cancer cells fail to undergo. Telomeres: chromosome ending sequence of repetitive DNA. Metastisis: when tumor cells sread and make tumors far from the primary one. Tumor: Cancer cells that over divide and pile up on top of each other forming multiple layers. proto-oncogenes: code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. Oncogenes: when proto-oncogenes mutate, they become cancer-causing genes. Growth factor: is a signal that actibates a cell signaling pathway resulting in a cell division. tumor suppressor gene: code for protiens that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. Oncology: the study or cancer Carcinoma: cancers of the epithelial tissues and adenocarcinomas are cancers of glandular epithelial cells. Sarcoma: cancer in muscle and connective tissue Leukemia: cancer of the blood Lymphoma: cancer of lymphatic tissue.

1. What do cancer cells look like? They look like abnormally piled up cells and apoptosis does not occur. 2. What is unusual about the nuclei of cancer cells? They are enlarged and have an abnormal number of chromosomes. 3. Why don't cancer cells die? Because they develop abnormal characteristics and do no undergo apoptosis. 4. Describe the three phases of the development of cancer. Initiation: a cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to divide repeatedly. Promotion: a tumor develops, and the tumor cells continue to divide. As they divide they undergo mutations. Progression: one cell undergoes a mutation that gives it an advantage over the others. This is repeated several times and eventually a cell is able to penetrate surrounding tissue. 5. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth? P53 and RB 6. What is p53? How does it cause cancer? Is a protein that turns on genes that stop the cell cycle and activates repair enzymes. 7. What is RB? How does it cause cancer? Turns on the gene for cyclin d and other genes whose products promote entry into the s phase of the cells cycle. 8. What are the most common cancers cases for males and females? The most common cancer cases in male is prostate cancer, then lung cancer. The most common in female is breast then again, lung cancer. 9. What are the most common cancer deaths for males and females? For both male and female is lung cancer, then for males it is colon, and for women, its breast.