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Achondroplasia

 * dwarfism
 * bone growth deficiency
 * symptoms
 * short
 * out of proportion- short limbs
 * short fingers
 * large head
 * weak muscle tone
 * caused by a mutation in the //FGFR3// gene which makes a protein that helps turn cartilage into bone
 * most people with achondroplasia have normal parents which means that the mutation happened during meiosis. The rest of the people had to have had at least one parent with the disorder because it only takes one miscopied gene from either the egg or the sperm to have it.

Down Syndrome

 * symptoms
 * earning difficulties
 * mental retardation
 * a characteristic facial appearance
 * poor muscle tone (hypotonia)
 * increased risk for:
 * heart defects
 * digestive problems
 * hearing loss
 * thyroid problems
 * Is not inherited
 * caused by a problem in cell division (nondisjunction) which causes more than one chromosome 21 to be present

Cri du Chat

 * symptoms
 * high pitched cry that disappears over time
 * mental retardation
 * delayed development
 * distinctive facial features
 * small head size (microcephaly)
 * widely-spaced eyes (hypertelorism)
 * low birth weight and weak muscle tone (hypotonia)
 * problems with learning language
 * caused by a deletion of genetic material on the small arm of chromosome 5- the cause is unknown