Contraceptives+HW2+MC

1. p. 331 Define Contraceptives. They are medications and devices that reduce the chance of pregnancy. 2. p. 331 What is an oral contraceptive (birth control pill)? How do they work? (Talk about the hormones.) A birth control pill is an oral contraceptive containing estrogen and progesterone. It shuts down the pituitary production of both FSH and LH so that no follicle in the ovary begins to develop in the ovary; since ovulation does not occur, pregnancy cannot take place. 3. p. 332 What is an IUD? How does it prevent pregnancy? It’s a small piece of molded plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a physician. It alters the environment of the uterus and oviducts so that fertilization probably will not occur—but if fertilization should occur, implantation cannot take place. 4. Chart on p. 333. How does an Intrauterine device copper T work? How effective is it? What are the health risks? What does perforation mean? It causes cervical mucus to thicken; fertilized embryo cannot implant. It’s 99% effective. Preforation means penetration, enter, puncture, prick, or bore through. 5. Chart on p. 333. How does an Intrauterine device progesterone releasing type work? What does the progesterone do that the IUD copper T device can't do? How does progesterone do this? It prevents ovulation; causes cervical mucus to thicken; fertilized embryo cannot implant. It prevents ovulation, unlike the copper T type. It is placed in the uterus and is 99% effective. You wil encounter cramps, bleeding, infertility, and perforation of uterus. 6. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does an IUD look like? How big is it relative to the uterus? It looks like a T shaped piece of metal. It’s not big enough to where it covers the whole uterus, but it fits right into the uterus with the “T” ends touching the walls of the uterus. 7. p. 332. What is a diaphragm? When is it inserted? What must you use with the diaphragm for it to be effective? A diaphragm is a soft latex cup with a flexible rim that lodges behind the pubic bone and fits over the cervix. It’s inserted 2 hours before sexual relations. It must be used with spermicidal jelly or cream and should be left in place at least 6 hours after sexual relations. 8. p. 332. What is the difference between a diaphragm and a cervical cap? The diaphragm is latex cup placed into vagina to cover cervix before intercourse and the cervical cap is latex cap held over cervix. 9. Look at the pictures on page 331. What does a diaphragm look like? How big is it? What is being added to it in the picture? A diaphragm looks like a suction cup of some type or maybe even a rubber breast cup for a bra. It’s big enough to fit right inside of your palm and cover with your fingers. Spermicidal jelly is being added to it in the picture. 10. Chart on page 333. How do the diaphragm and cervical cap work? How effective are they with spermicide? What are the health risks? What is toxic shock syndrome? (you will need to look this up on the internet). They both block entrance of sperm into uterus and spermicide kills sperm. They are 90% effective with Spermicide. The health risks are irritation, allergice reaction, urinary tract infection, toxic shock syndrome, and the cervical ahs something that the diaphragm doesn’t have which is the abnormal Pap smear. Toxic shock syndrome is a rare,life threatening illness that is caused by toxins that circulate in the bloodstream. 11. Chart on p. 333. Other than abstinence, what are the only contraceptives that protect against STDS? Why do you think this is the case? The male and female condom are other contraceptives that protect against STDs. This is because they act as a barrier and preventing the man’s semen from entering the woman’s vagina. 12. Chart on p. 333. How effective is the male condom? female condom? Why do you think one is more effective than the other? The male condom is 89% effective, and the female condom is 79% effective. I think that’s because the male condom is a sheath a latex, polyurethane, or natural material fitted over erect penis, and the female condom is simply just polyurethane liner fitted inside vagina. 13. p. 332. What hormone do contraceptive implants contain? How big are the implants? Where are they located? How long are they effective? They contain progesterone. The implants consists of six-match sized, time-release capsules that are surgically implanted under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. It remains effective for about 3 years. 14. p. 332. What is injected in a contraceptive injection? How long is this effective? They are available as progesterone only or a combination of progesterone and estrogen. The length of time between injections can vary from 3 months to a few weeks. 15. p. 332. Some contraceptive vaccines are being developed. In this case, you would train your body's immune system to attack something. What could a contraceptive vaccine get your body's own cells to attack? It will attack the hormone HCG to maintaining the implantation of the embryo. HCG isn’t normally present in the body. 16. p. 332 (see picture too) What is a vasectomy? How is it done? What are the effects? It consists of cutting and sealing the vas deferens on each side so that the sperm are unable to reach the seminal fluid that is ejected at the time of orgasm. You make 2 small cuts in the skin of the scrotum. Each vas deferen is lifted and cut out. The cut ends are tied or sealed with an electric current. The openings in the scrotum are closed with stitches. There is no effect on the secondary sex characteristics since testosterone continues to be produced by the testes. 17. p. 332 (see picture too) What is a tubal ligation? How is it done? What are the effects? It consists of cutting and sealing the oviducts. One or two incisions are made in the abdomen. The oviducts are coagulated, sealed shut with cautery, or cut and tied. The skin incision is then stitched closed. Pregnancy rarely occurs. Fertility is reduced by about 50%. 18. p. 332 What is RU-486? How does it work? (role of progesterone) It’s a pill that is presently used to cause the loss of an implantaed embryo by blocking the progesteraone receptor proteins of endometrial cells. It’s 95% effective.