Immune+System+JO


 * Immune System Wiki Homework. (Chapter 7)**

//For each of the following define their function and include their role in immunity (the ability to combat disease).//
 * 7.2 Lymphatic System**
 * Red** **bone** **marrow**: produces all types of blood cells. red bone marrow is limited in adults. also produces white blood cells.
 * thymus** **gland**: located in thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum. produce hormones and T cells mature here.
 * spleen:** filters blood (true filter is the kidney). largest lymphatic organ. located upper left region of abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. split into white pulp and red pulp. Macrophages are in the spleen, macrophages eat things covered in antibodies.
 * lymph** **nodes:** occur along side lymphatic vessels, filter lymph. divides lymph node into compartments. filtered by macrophages. when flared indicates body is fighting infection. neck, armpits, and groin. clonal expansion occurs here.

//Describe the barriers to entry and include their role in immunity//
 * 7.3 Nonspecific Defenses**
 * Skin and mucous membranes**: intact skin is usually very effective barrier. mucus membranes are also effective to pathogens (barrier and can trap particles). ciliated cells move mucus into throat where it can either be swallowed or spit out. lungs/ respiratory, reproductive tract, urinary and digestive tract.
 * Chemical Barriers**: secretions contain chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on skin. perspiration, saliva, and tears contain enzyme called lysozyme (... mucus, oil)... flushing bacteria from body.
 * Resident Bacteria**: residing in the mouth, intestine, and on skin. these bacteria take up the space other bacteria could potentially use. (abusing antibiotics can make you susceptible to bacterial infections because you are ridding yourself of the space takers.

//Define the players in the inflammatory response//
 * histamine**: cause capillaries to dilate and become more permeable (so white blood cells and antibodies can get to you). (skin reddens and becomes warm) symptom: runny nose, watery eyes
 * mast cells**: protector against pathogens and is a resident of many cells. home to a lot of histamine. release histamine.
 * pus**: yellow-white substance. (dying neutrophils) made of white blood cells (indicator of infection) *pimple ... just white blood cells over reacting to harmless foreign particle on skin.
 * cytokines**: chemical mediators secreted by neutrophils. proteins that attract white blood cells.
 * macrophages:** "Big Eater" eat anything covered in antibodies and eat bacteria. type of white blood cell.

- release of histamine, dilated capillaries, increased blood flow - macrophages, phagocytize pathogens and release cytokines (stimulate the inflammatory response) - neutrophils become macrophages and squeeze through the capillary wall and phagocytize pathogens - blood clotting walls off capillary and prevents blood loss. **in class:** 1. injured cells and mast cells release cytokines and histamines 2. capillaries will get leaky and white blood cells will arrive 3. redness, swelling, soreness, heat (making it unfit for bacteria) inflammation: redness, heat and swelling //Describe the complement system and its role in immunity.// ** c ****ompliment system**: proteins found in your blood that compliment the immune system. can trigger mast cells to release histamine, cover pathogens, additional tag on what should be eaten. //Describe the membrane attack complex and its role in immunity.// **Membrane attack complex:** made of complement proteins that can drill holes in pathogens. //Describe interferon and its role in immunity.// Define **Antigens**: molecules the immune system recognizes as foreign. How does specific defense differ from nonspecific defense? Which blood cells are mainly responsible for specific defense, and how do they function? (make a table like the one on page 130) What is acquired immunity? active and passive: **Active**: the individual alone produces antibodies against and antigen **Passive**: individual is given prepared antibodies via injection. What is active immunity and explain an example? What is passive immunity and explain an example?
 * List the four steps in the inflammatory response** (figure 7.9)
 * Interferon**: a warning, if a cell is infected it'll release interferon and help other cells avoid contamination. (infected warning neighbors)
 * 7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130)**
 * **Cell** || **Function** ||
 * B cells || Produce plasma cells and memory cells ||
 * -Plasma cells || Produce specific antibodies ||
 * -Memory cells || Ready to produce antibodies in the future ||
 * T cells || Regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells ||
 * -Cytotoxic T cells || Kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells ||
 * -Helper T cells || Regulate immunity ||
 * -Memory T cells || Ready to kill in the future ||
 * 7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136)**

When is the immune system hypersensitive? Explain how an allergy is an example of hypersensitivity. Explain how tissue rejection is an example of hypersensitivity. Define autoimmune disease. Define the following autoimmune diseases. multiple sclerosis (MS) lupus rheumatoid arthritis
 * 7. 6 Hypersensitivity Reactions (pp.138-139)**