JH+HW+digestion

__**Chapter 8 Digestive System** 1. Describe in you words the processes that occur in the digestive system (ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, elimination) First ingestion occurs which consists of chewing with your teeth next is digestion which can be mechanical or chemical, mechanical is when the food is broken into bits and pieces and chemical is when digestive enzymes break down the food into microspopic peice until the food reaches the small intestine after that is movement which is important because the food needs to move to different plaes through out the GI tract in order to fulfill all of its needs. Absorption is happens when the food comes in contact with the GI tract wall and the wall absorbs the butrients and gives them to the cells in the body 1. Describe the MECHANICAL and CHEMICAL digestion that occurs in the mouth. Mechanical: the teeth that are connected to the gums chew the foo and break it down into small pieces Chemical:the saliva glands in the mouth secrete saliva the breaks down the food even further 2. What is heartburn? when the some of the stomachs contents escape into the esophagus due to acid reflux 3. What is a dental cavity? (What causes it?) Tooth decay, occurs when bacteria within the mouth metabolize sugar and give off acid which erode teeth 1. What are the functions of the stomach and how is the wall of the stomach modified to perform these functions? the stomach stores food, initiates the digestion of protein, and controls the movement of the chyme into the small intestine, the stomach has the four regular layers but it also contains three smoth layers of muscle and two layers of smooth muscle that run obliquely to the other allowing the stomach to strech 2. What are the functions of the small intestine and how is the wall of the small intestine modified to perform these functions? the small intestine enzymes that break down all types of foods and then itabsorbs the nutrients such as carbs, proteins, and fats into the cells. the way that the wall is modified to absorb these nutrients is by having villi on the intestine wall that are little and fuzzy bristles the have amino acids that break down the food. 3. What is lactose intolerance? What causes it and what are the symptoms? Lactose intolerance is when the small intestine does have the enzyme lactase which is responsible for breaking down lactose in dairy products. the symptoms are diarrhea, bloating, gas, and cramps
 * 8.1 Overview of Digestion**__
 * 8.2 First Part of the Digestive Tract**
 * 8.3 Stomach and Small Intestine**

1. What are the three main accessory organs and how do they assist the digestive process? the three main accessory organs are the pancreas - secretes pancreatic juice that have sodium bicarbonate in it which neutralize acid chyme from the stomach, liver - acts like a sewage plant and removes the poisonous substances from the blood, and the gallbladder - stores bile created as a waste product from cholesterol in the liver. 2. What is a gallstone? gallstones form when liquid in the gallbladder hardens into stone like material 3. What is hepatitis? inflammation of the liver 4. What is cirrhosis? a chronic disease of the liver when the organ becomes fatty and then the liver is replaced by scar tissue and it usually occurs in alcoholics
 * 8.4 Three accessory organs.**

1. What is the function of the large intestine? the function of the large intestine is to absorbs water and vitamins and also it turn the chyme into feces 2. Briefly describe the disorders of the large intestine: diarrhea, constipation, diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, IBS, IBD, polyps, cancer. diarrhea- the intestinal wall become irritated and water is not absorbed by the large intestine causing the feces to be watery, can cause dehydration constipation - when the feces become hard and dry and requires taking laxatives to helps you defecate diverticulosis - the occurrence of tiny pouches of mucosa that have pushed out through weak spots in the muscularis hemeroids- enlarged infammed blood vessel in the anus IBS - when the muscluaris contracts at random uncontrollable times IBD - includes ulcerative colitis an chrones disease which involve ulcers in the intestinal lining polyps and cancer - when small benign growth arise in the colon and can end up forming cancer of the colon
 * 8.5 Large Intestine**