Cancer+Questions+EP

Define: apoptosis, telomeres, metastisis, tumor, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, growth factor, tumor suppressor gene, oncology, carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma //apoptosis-// programmed cell death. //telomeres-// tip of the end of a chromosome. //metastisis-// spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body. //tumor-// cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division. //proto-oncogenes-// normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation. //oncogenes-// cancer causing gene. //growth factor-// chemical signal that regulates mitosis and differentiation of cell that have receptors for it. //tumor suppressor gene-// gene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses cell division. //oncology-// the study of cancer. //carcinoma-// cancer arising in epithelial tissue. //sarcoma-// cancer that arises in muscles and connective tissue. //leukemia-// cancer of the blood- forming tissues leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. //lymphoma-// cancer of lymphatic tissue.

1. What do cancer cells look like? 2. What is unusual about the nuclei of cancer cells? 3. Why don't cancer cells die? 4. Describe the three phases of the development of cancer. 5. Mutations in what two types of genes lead to uncontrollable growth? 6. What is p53? How does it cause cancer? 7. What is RB? How does it cause cancer? 8. What are the most common cancers cases for males and females? 9. What are the most common cancer deaths for males and females?
 * everything about the cell is abnormal such as the nuclei, chromosomes, and the tissues.
 * [[image:Dividing_Cancer_Cell-small.jpg]]
 * they are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes.
 * cancer cells are immortal so they keep dividing for an unlimited number of times.
 * initiation: the single cell goes through mutation that causes it to divide repeatedly.
 * promotion: a tumor develops and those tumor cells begin to divide and go through mutation.
 * progression: one cells goes through mutation that gives it an advantage over other cells. it is repeated and has the ability to surround other cells.
 * [[image:tumorigenesis.jpg]]
 * proto-oncogenes
 * tumor suppressor genes
 * p53 is a protein that turns on genes that stop the cell cycle and activates repair enzymes.
 * it can cause cancer because if it cannot repair then apoptosis or programmed death occurs, that leave no cells available.
 * RB turns on the gene for cyclin D and othe genes that promote entry into the S phase of the cell cycle.
 * it can cause cancer when the tumor suppressor gene mutates and to much cyclin D is in the cell. then the DNA only goes through synthesis and no mitosis.
 * lung cancer, colon cancer, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, and other organs, breast cancer.
 * lung cancer, colon and rectum, pancreas, leukemia, liver, esophagus, bladder, kidney