diabetes+article...+summary+and+questions+EAT

Answer these questions:

What are the key players in Diabetes? Why? What are the unexpected key players in Diabetes? Why? Explain the connection between bones and fat? Explain the connection between bones and the pancreas? Explain the connection between the brain and diabetes. Explain the connection between the immune system and diabetes?
 * The pancreas, the liver, muscles and fat.
 * Hormone from the skeleton, signals coming from the immune system, the brain and the gut.
 * Leptin is a hormone that is created by fat... it helps to regulate bone metabolism... bone, in theory, regulates fat
 * Osteocalcin is produced in fat... and sends signals to the pancreas. this hormone helps to move glucose in the bloodstream
 * An experiment with mice showed that subjects with type two diabetes were more sensitive to insulin and had an increase in insulin production... making the blood sugar lower...when an increase in osteocalcin is present
 * The brain is involved in blood sugar regulation. Someone without insulin receptors in the brain were unable to regulate glucose in the body in a normal way and were more likely to develop diabetes. The brain sends signals saying that the body either has too much insulin and needs to stop producing insulin, or it has too little insulin and the liver needs to make more, and can therefore lead to glucose metabolism deficiencies.
 * Fat tissues have been found to have a lot of macrophages which are immune cells that contribute to inflammation, which also leads to type two diabetes since it is linked to insulin resistance.


 * Summary**
 * Scientists have been working to find new ways to treat diabetes. It has become the fifth leading cause of death in Americans. Scientists have recently discovered that glucose regulation is something more than communication between the "key players" mentioned above. Scientists are now finding that glucose is also controlled by a hormone from the skeleton, signals from the immune systems, the brain and gut have a major part in glucose regulation. This discovery was so significant, because scientists discovered that the Skeleton is part of the endocrine system. There was no previous knowledge of the skeleton being able to produce and transfer hormones. Dr. C. Ronald Kahn recently discovered that the links between different organs and cells have made large changes in our understanding in how the body regulates and handles glucose. Doctors are now realizing that the cause for diabetes is different for every person and they are now working on finding a treatment for each person rather than having one treatment for everyone. They want to start to make drugs that are specific to the cause of diabetes. Researchers have found out that a presence of osteocalcin can help mice with type two diabetes by increasing the insulin production and increase insulin sensitivity. If humans reacted the same way then this would be a new and effective way to treat diabetes. Studies have also provided evidence to further support the idea that obese people who have inflammation within the fat cells which have macrophages in their fat cells are more likely to have insulin resistance, and therefore type two diabetes. The main concern with macrophages is if we eliminate it with drugs then we will be improving insulin receptors, but we will also destroy the immune system. Scientists are working on a way to treat each different case of diabetes, but it is hard to find drugs that have a positive impact on one organ, and have no negative effects on any other organ. Diabetes is a disease that involves many different organs in the body and effects every organ in the body.