2.3-2.6+Questions+SLS

Shelby Smith August 19, 2008 Human Bio-Field


 * 2.3 Molecules of Life (p.27)**


 * Define:**
 * organic molecules:** 4 categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
 * 1. What are the four classes of molecules unique to cells?**

Dehydration reaction.
 * 2. What type of reaction occurs during the synthesis of macromolecules?**


 * 2.4 Carbohydrates (p. 28-29)**
 * Define:**
 * Monosaccharide:** A simple sugar – a carbohydrate with a low count of carbon atoms.
 * Disaccharide:** Two monosaccharides joined together.
 * Glucose:** Comprises the Disaccharide and the monosaccharides. (Sugar.)
 * Polysaccharide:** Macromolecules such as startch, glycogen and cellulose that contain many glucose units.
 * Starch**: Readily stored forms of glucose in plants and animals.
 * Glycogen**: Readily stored forms of glucose in plants and animals.
 * Cellulose**: Polysaccharide that is unable to be digested by humans.

The usual function of carbohydrates in humans is either readily accessible energy, or energy that is stored for later use.
 * 1. What is the usual function of carbohydrates in humans?**

A simple carbohydrate has a low count of carbon atoms, as to where the complex carbohydrates have a larger count. A simple carbohydrate is the monosaccharide and the disaccharide, where on the other hand a complex carbohydrate is the polysaccharide.
 * 2. What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and the various complex carbohydrates?**

Fiber is beneficial to the human diet because it’s protective against heart disease, allows bodily waste to pass through quickly and provides nutrients and minerals to the body through starches and whole grains.
 * 3. Of what benefit is fiber in our diet?**


 * 2.5 Lipids**

Saturated fats are plaque causing fats that build up lipids in the blood vessels. Unsaturated fats are fats that have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogen’s is less than two carbons. Lastly, Trans fats are the worst for you and it is found in vegetable oils when it is hydrogenated to become semi-solid.
 * 1. Define saturated fats, unstaturated fat, and trans fat.**

The main function of fats and oils are long term energy storage, insulates the body against heat loss and it forms a protective cushion around major organs. Fats are composed of lipids which are when one glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules.
 * 2. What is the main function of fats and oils and what are they composed of?**

Phospholids are the primary components of the cellular membrane. Steroids use in the body are to control and produce cholesterol as well as produce estrogen and testosterone.
 * 3. What are the uses of phospholids and steroids in the body?**

**peptide bond:** The resulting covalent bond between two proteins. **denaturation:** When a protein undergoes an extreme change of shape that is irreversible due to extreme heat or pH.
 * 2.6 Proteins (p. 32-34)**
 * Define:**

The major function of proteins in an organism is the structure and function of cells. They also produce enzymes, and transport. The antibodies in protein protect the body from harmful diseases, and the hormones in the body are regular proteins. Lastly the muscles in the body are comprised of protein.
 * 1. What are the major functions of proteins in an organism?**

Amino acid gets it’s name from the fact that one of the groups –NH2 (amino group) and another is –COOH (an acid group).
 * 2. How does an amino acid get its name?**

The shape of a protein relates to its function because they all have normal shapes that fit with one another much like a puzzle, and if one shape is altered drastically –denaturation—then the entire system is distorted.
 * 3. How does the shape of a protein relate to its function.**