DH+endocrine+and+urinary+system

1. __In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189).__ The kidneys help maintain homeostasis for the body in four different ways: Excretion, maintenance of water-salt balance, maintenance of acid-base balance, and the secretion of hormones. The kidney removes metabolic waste from the urine, and cleanses out everything. The kidneys also make sure that the water-salt balance is good in the blood. Too much salt in the blood could cause high blood pressure. The kidneys also maintain the acid-base balance in the blood. The kidneys make sure that the pH level remains normal, even if we eat acidic foods. The last thing that the kidneys do is they secrete hormones. 2. __Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.__ kidneys: "paired organs located near the small of the back, on either side of the vertebral column", ureters: "conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder" urinary bladder: "stores urine until it is expelled from the body" urethra: "a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening. Therefore, its function is to remove urine from the body" 3. __Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet)__ diuretic: a diuretic is something that helps people pass urine. Three types of diuretics are
 * Urinary System**
 * Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
 * Indapamide (Lozol)
 * Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

4. __Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198__ ADH is a hormone called antidiuretic hormone. If our intake of water is low, ADH is secreted and then kicks in to help 5. On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. 6. __First Define Homeostasis.__ homeostasis is when everything is balanced and equal. our body does the things that it does in order to obtain homeostasis. it's basically like our body's utopia 7. __Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body.__ The kidneys help maintain homeostasis because they maintain the water-salt balance in the blood, and they change vitamin D into a hormone.

1. __Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.__ "When these cells determine that the blood is too concentrate, ADH is released from the posterior pituitary. ...ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed into kidney capillaries" "GH (growth hormone) promotes skelatal and muscular growth." "if too little GH is produced during childhood, the individual has pituitary dwarfism, characterized by perfect proportions but small stature. If too much GH is secreted, a person can become a giant." "On occasion, GH is overproduced in the adult, and a condition called acromegaly results. Since long bone growth is no longer possible in adults, only the feet, hands, and face (particularly the chin, nose, and eyebrow ridges) can respond, and these portions of the body become overly large." 2. __Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.__ //simple goiter//: when the thyroid enlarges due to constant stimulation by the anterior pituitary. Using iodized salt helps produce this. //congenital hypothyroidism//: this can happen if the thyroid fails to develop properly. people can go through thyroid hormone growth, however, this may not be affective unless treatment is started within the first two months of life //myxedema:// when the occurance of hypothyroidism in adults continues. //expophthalmic goiter:// when the tyroid gland is overactive. the treatment is surgery 3. __Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?__ epinephrine is released into the body when an individual reacts to an emergency situation in a fight-or-flight manner. epinephrine provides a short-term response to stress
 * Endocrine System**