Lucy**+**Endocrine+and+Urinary+System

In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet)
 * Urinary System**
 * The kidneys let out metabolic wastes that contain mainly nitrogenous wastes such as urea.
 * The kidneys are responsible for maintaining a balance of water and salt in the blood. If they don't regulate this balance the extra salt will go ito the blood and it will cause a greater blood volume and greater blood pressure.
 * The kidney regulate the acid balance. The blood PH is kept at around 7.4. They also regulate the process of the hydrogen ions getting let out and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.
 * The kidneys secrete hormones including renin. Renin triggers the hormone aldosterone to be secreted from the adrenal gland. The water salt balance in the blood is maintained by alderestone.
 * The kidneys produce urine. The ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urinary bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body. The urethra is a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening. It is to remove urine from the body.
 * They are chemicals that increase the flow of urine. It is a drug used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water. Ex: caffeine, Loop diuretics: bumetanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix), Thiazide diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Esidrix), chlorothiazide (Diuril), and chlorthalidone (Hygroton).

Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198 On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. First Define Homeostasis.
 * It is a hormone secreted by the atria of the heart when cardiac cells are streched due to increased blood volume. It stands for Atrial natriuetic hormone. It signals water to be moved into the blood.
 * It is the maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body. Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly. Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter. Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?
 * In the Urinary system, The kidneys let out nitrogenous wastes and maintain the water-salt balance and the acid-base balance of the blood. This system also helps th other systems. In the cardiovascular system, The kidkeys produce renin, which helps maintain blood pressure. Blood vessels transport nitrogenour wastes to the kidneys and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The buffering system of the blood helps the kidneys maintain the acid-base balance. The digestive system is where the liver produces urea excreated by the kidneys. Urochrome, a yellow pigment found in the urine, is produced by the liver. Because the digestive system absorbs nutrients, ions, and water, it helps the kidneys maintain the right level of ions and water in the blood. The muscular system allows the kidneys to regulate the amount of ions in the blood. In the nervous system, the kidneys regular the amount of ions in the blood. The respiratory system allows the kidneys to help the lungs by letting out carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions, while the lungs help the kidneys maintain the acid-base balance of the blood of by letting out carbon dioxide. In the Endocrine system, the kidneys produce renin, then produces aidosterone, which is a hormone that helps kidneys maintain the water-salt balance. The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin changes vitamin D into a hormone. The posterior pititary secretes ADH, which regulates water retention by the kidneys. In the intergumentary system, the sweat glands let out perspiration, which is a solution of water, salt, and some urea.
 * Endocrine System**
 * ADH passes through axons into the posterior pituitry where they are stored in axon endings. ADH is released from the posterior pituitary. When it reaches the kidneys, ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed into the kidney capillaries. As the blood becomes diluted, ADH is no longer released. When ADH can't be produced, diabetes occurs.
 * Growth Hormone promotes skeletal and muscular growth. It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. It also promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism.
 * Pituitary dwarfism is when too little GH is produced during childhood.
 * Pituitary acromegaly is when GH is overproduced in the adult.
 * Simple goiter: the thyroid enlarges due to the lack of iodine in the diet. the use of iodized salt allows the thyriod to produce the thyroid hormone, which helps prevent simple goiter. one is formed due to a constant stimulation by the anterior pituitary.
 * Congenital hypthyroidism: the thyroid doesn't develop properly. people who have this are short and stocky. people can take thyriod hormone therapy which will help with growth. this treatment must be taken with in two months of life or side effects like retardation will occur.
 * Myxedema- the occurence of hypothyroidism in adults. Weight gain, slower pulse rate, loss of hair, lower bod temperature will occur. To treat this, administer adequate doses of thyroid hormones.
 * Expophthalic goiter: The thyroid is overactive and a goiter forms. you can remove a part of the thyroid by a process called radioactive iodine.
 * it produced by the adrenal medulla rapidly bring about all the body changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situationion a fight-or flight manner. The effect of these hormones provide a short-term responce to stress.