Endocrine,+Urinary+Systems+ZW

__Urinary System__ //In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189).// The kidneys are the primary organs of metabolic waste removal or excretion in the body.

//Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.//


 * __Kidneys__** - Kidneys are the organs in the body located near the small of the back, on either side of the vertebral column. They are used to remove metabolic waste from the blood.


 * __Ureters__** - Ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder.


 * __Urinary Bladder__** - The Urinary Bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body.


 * __Urethra__** - The urethra is a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening. Its funciton is to remove urine from the body.

//Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet)// A diuretic is a drug used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water. Alcohol would be an example.

//Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198// It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney. And it is Atrial natriuretic hormone, it is produce by the atria, it signals the secretion of renin and aldosterone.

//On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis.// //First Define Homeostasis.////Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body.//Homeostasis is the condition of a stable internal environment. The kidneys remove waste from the blood, which replaces clean blood to the body.

__Endocrine System__

//Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.// It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney. And it is Atrial natriuretic hormone, it is produce by the atria, it signals the secretion of renin and aldosterone. The growth hormone promots skeletal and muscular growth. It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. It also promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism. Pituatary dwarfism is when either too much or too little growth hormone is present in a person. Acromegaly is when there is overproduction of Gh in the adult, it caused enlargment in bones in face, fingers, and toes as the person ages.

//Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.// If iodine is lacking is a persons diet, simple goiter can occur...cure, iodized salt In congenital hypothyroidism thyroid hormones stimulate all cells of the body at a faster rate. Myxedema is produced by hypothyroidism in adults. Expophthalmic goiter is caused when the thyroid gland is over active

__Adrenal gland (p.305)__ //What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)?// It brings about all the body changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation in a fight-or-flight manner.