AP+Endocrine+and+Urinary+System+HW

Urinary System
1. In your words: explain the four ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) for the human body (pp.188-189). 1. The kidney excretes metablic waste 2. The kidney helps maintain the appropriate water- salt balance in the blood and regualte blood pressure 3. The kidney helps maintain appropriate levels of potassium and calcium. It also helpes monitor and control blood pH 4. The kidney assist the endocrine system in hormone secretion

2. Define the role as stated on page 188 of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The role of the Kidney is to clean the blood, help maintain homeostasis, and produce urine The role of the ureters is to conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder The role of the urinary bladder stores urine until it has left the body The role of the urethra is to remove urine from the body

3. Define Diuretic and name a couple diuretics. (may need to look this up on the internet) Diuretics help reduce the amount of water in the body.
 * Loop diuretics, such as bumetanide (Bumex) and furosemide (Lasix),
 * Thiazide diuretics include such commonly used diuretics as hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Esidrix), chlorothiazide (Diuril), and chlorthalidone (Hygroton).
 * Potassium-sparing diuretics prevent the loss of potassium, which is a problem with other types of diuretics. Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics are amiloride (Midamor) and triamterene (Dyrenium).

4. Define the role of the hormone ADH. (What does it stand for, where is it produced and what does it signal?) p. 198 Hormone ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) is produced in the kidney and signals if our intake of water has been low ADH is screted by the posteror pituitary and water moves from the distal convoluted tubule into the blood.

5. On page 201 the book shows how important the kidneys are to maintain homeostasis. First Define Homeostasis: maintance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism in regulating mechanism Then in your words as much as possible, describe how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the human body. The Urinary System helps maintain water-salt balance and acid-base balance of the blood. It also helps the other systems in the body. The Cardiovascular System helps maintain blood pressure. Blood vessels transport nitrogen wastes to the kidneys and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The buffering system of the blood helps the kidneys keep a acid-base balance. The Digestive System helps maintian the proper level of ions and water in the blood. Th liver produces urea excreted by the kidneys. Urochrome, which is the yellow found in urine, is produced in the liver that breaks down product of hemoglobin. The Muscular System helps regulate amount of ions in the blood. The ions in the blood help the muscles contract. The Nervous System helps regulate the amount of ions in the blood for the nerve impulse conduction. Controls urination. These ions help nerve impulse conduction. The Respiratory System helps maintain acid-base balance of the blood by excreting carbon dioxide.The kidney helps the lungs by excreting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions. The Endocrine System helps maintain water-salt balance. They change vitamin D to a hormone. ADH is screted by the posterior pituitary which gelps regulate water retention by the kidneys The Integumentary System is where sweat glands excrete perspiration which is solution of water, salt and some urea.

Endocrine System
Pituitary gland (p.300-301) Describe ADH and its role in the body. Describe Growth Hormone and its role in the body. Describe pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.
 * ADH is a role in the body is when the cells determind the blood is too concentrated and ADH is released from the posterior pituitary. when it reaches the kidney ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed int kidney capillaries.


 * The amount of growth hormone produced b e anterior pituitary during childhood affects the height of a person. Plentiful growth hormone produces very tall people. Too much growth hormone can lead to gigantism.


 * pituitary dwarfism is when too little GH is produced during childhood. A person can ahve perfect proportions but small structure


 * Acromegaly: GH is overproduced in the adult where the chin, nose, and eye brow ridges become overly large

Thyroid gland (p.303): Describe these problems and possible treatments with the thyroid gland: simple goiter, congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema, expophthalmic goiter.
 * Simple goiter: The concentration of iodine in the thyroid increase 25 times the blood and when th iodine is lacking in the diet the thyroid gland is unable to produce the thyroid hormones and by this constan stimulation by the anterior pituitary the thyroid gets bigger and is called a simple goiter.
 * Congenital hypothyroidism: When the thyroid fails to develop properly
 * Myxedema: is the occurrence of hypothyroidism in adults that result in weight gain, hair loss, slower pulse rate, bpdy temperature lowered, and thickness and puffiness of the skin
 * Expophthalmic goiter: The oversecreation of the thyroid hormone meaning that the thyroid gland is over active

Adrenal gland (p.305) What is the role of epinephrine (adrenaline)? The adrenal gland is at the top of the kidney it increases heart rate and blood flow. It also releases sugar and nutrients in the blood. The role of epinephrine (adrenaline) is when the adrenal medulla rapidly makes the body change a person reacts to it and provieds a short term response to stress.