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7.4 Specific Defenses (pp.130-131) 7.5 Acquired Immunity (pp.136-137) How was the hepatitis B vaccine prepared? (p.136)- The hepatitis B vaccine was prepared by genetically engineer bacteria to mass- produce a protein from pathogens and this protein can be used as a vaccine. This method has now produced a vaccine against hepatitis B, a viral- induced disease and is being used to prepare a vaccine against malaria, a protozoan- induced disease.
 * Define and describe
 * specific defense- responds to antigens.
 * antigen- molecules in the immune system recognized as foreign to the body. They are typically large molecules, such as proteins.
 * special B cells called plasma cells- produce specific antibodies. Most cloned B cells become plasma cells, which circulates in the blood and lymph.
 * antibody- are identical to the BCR of the B cell that was activated.Antibodies are also proteins.
 * antibody mediated immunity- Defense by B cells. The activated B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies.
 * Define and describe
 * active immunity- The individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen. This happens when a person is well, and it occurs naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen.
 * passive immunity- The individual is given prepared antibodies via an injection. Occurs when an individual is given prepared antibodies or immune cells to combat a disease.
 * vaccine- A substance that contains an antigen to which the immune system responds. Vaccines are the pathogens themselves or their products, that have been treated so they are no longer virulent (able to cause disease).
 * antibody titer- After a vaccine is given, it is possible to follow an immune response by determining the amount of antibody present in a sample of plasma.

How could a vaccine be a contraceptive (form of birth control)? (p.332)- A vaccine intended to immunize women against HCG, the hormone so mecessary to maintaining th eimplantation of the embryo. HCG is not normally present in the body, no autoimmune reaction is excepted, but the immunization does wear off with time.

How could a vaccine help fight cancer? (p.416)- Some monoclonal antibodies are designed to zero in on the receptor proteins of cancer cells. To increase the killing power of monoclonal antibodies, they are linked to radio- active isotopes or chemotherapeutic drugs. It is expected that soon they will be used as initial therapies in addition to chemotherapy.

Is an AIDS vaccine possible? (p.351)No vaccine has ever been proven to be 100% effective at blocking a virus from entry into cells. Most scientistis have many reasone to be optimistic that an AIDS vaccine can and will be developed. They have has success with monkeys. HUmans bodies are willing to suppress the infection.
 * Describe "setback" number 2.
 * There are many mutations in HIV and there are several genetically different types anf subtypes of HIV. HIV differs from person to person with a 10- 35 %. There are many types of HIV and there has to be a vaccine for each type. But we are looking for a certain vaccine that is going to work for all HIV types.
 * Describe setback number 3.- Vaccines may produce only short- term protection and that means that people would need to get "booster" shots ever so ofter to keep their body fighting- which is similar to the flu shot you get every year.
 * Describe setback number 3.- Vaccines may produce only short- term protection and that means that people would need to get "booster" shots ever so ofter to keep their body fighting- which is similar to the flu shot you get every year.