HB+Epidemic+Research

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ =RESEARCH=
 * Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976.
 * The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Congo in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two members of a family of
 * RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. There are four identified subtypes of Ebola virus. Three of the four have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, and Ebola-Ivory Coast. The fourth, Ebola-Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans.
 * ====The exact origin, locations, and natural habitat of Ebola virus remain unknown. Researchers believe that the virus is zoonotic (animal-borne) and is normally maintained in an animal host that is native to the African continent. The virus is not known to be native to other continents, such as North America.====
 * ====Confirmed cases of Ebola have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Sudan, the Ivory Coast, Uganda, and the Republic of the Congo. An individual with serologic evidence of infection but showing no apparent illness has been reported in Liberia, and a laboratory worker in England became ill as a result of an accidental needle-stick.====
 * ====Infections with Ebola virus are short duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care. Because the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown, the manner in which the virus first appears in a human at the start of an outbreak has not been determined. Researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal.====
 * ====Once infected, the virus can be transmitted in several ways. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and secretions. Thus, the virus is often spread through families and friends because they come in close contact with such secretions when caring for infected persons.====
 * Nosocomial transmission of Ebola refers to the spread of a disease within a health-care setting, such as a clinic or hospital. It occurs frequently during Ebola outbreaks. It includes both types of transmission described above. In African health-care facilities, patients are often cared for without the use of a mask, gown, or gloves. Exposure to the virus has occurred when health care workers treated individuals with Ebola without wearing these types of protective clothing.
 * Ebola-Reston appeared in a primate research facility in Virginia, where it may have been transmitted from monkey to monkey through the air. While all Ebola virus species have displayed the ability to be spread through airborne particles (aerosols) under research conditions, this type of spread has not been documented among humans in a real-world setting, such as a hospital or household.
 * The incubation period for Ebola ranges from 2 to 21 days. The onset of illness is abrupt and is characterized by fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. A rash, red eyes, hiccups and internal and external bleeding may be seen in some patients.
 * Researchers do not understand why some people are able to recover from Ebola and others are not. However, it is known that patients who die usually have not developed a significant immune response to the virus at the time of death.
 * Diagnosing Ebola in an individual who has been infected only a few days is difficult because early symptoms, such as red eyes and a skin rash, are nonspecific to the virus and are seen in other patients with diseases that occur much more frequently. However if symptoms seem consistent, diagnosed patients are to be immediately isolated. There is no standard treatment for Ebola Patients receive supportive therapy. This consists of balancing the patient’s fluids and electrolytes, maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure, and treating them for any complicating infections.

= = = = = = =Outbreaks and Epidemics=
 * 1347-48: **Bubonic Plague, Black Death**:BLAIR http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_11.html
 * originated in central asia
 * moved into europe in 1340's
 * killed 75 million
 * killed 60% of european population
 * believed to have start from flea on rat (transmitted)
 * attacks lungs before everything else
 * 1493: **Syphilis In Europe**: MASSEY http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_15.html
 * twenty percent of people in french cities once had disease.
 * some studies believe disease was brought to america via coloumbus
 * 1500s **Small Pox Epidemics among Native Americans**: EMILY http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5100
 * disease is either severe or mild but no between states
 * 30% of native americans once had the disease
 * native american infected european settlers
 * transmits through bodily fluids.
 * 1854: **Cholera In London**:KAT http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_08.html
 * major outbreaks in london
 * infected the intestine
 * caused severe diarrhea
 * removed water from part of system and cases severely stopped
 * john snow is responsible for this study
 * 1918: **Flu Pandemic**:CHANDLER http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/02.html
 * killed about 50 million people
 * virus influenza caused it
 * symptoms: chills fever, coughness, weakness
 * transmitted through blood and other things
 * it attacked 1/5 of worlds population
 * 1975-76: **Lyme Disease In Connecticut**:PATRICIA http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_12.html
 * fifty one percent of people at one pint were feeling effect of disease
 * tick is the transmitter of the disease
 * changes of environment can cause it
 * population increase cause it
 * vaccine is available but with conditions, then failed
 * antibiotics used early
 * 1976: **Legionnaire's Disease In Philadelphia**: KEATON http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_06.html
 * can be found near water coolers and towers
 * "your the inspiration"
 * 8,000 to 18,000 people get disease in US per year
 * symptoms: fever, chills, cough, loss of appetite, diarrhea
 * infected through respiratory symptoms
 * 1992: **E. coli outbreaks In Western U.S**.: DEDE http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_14.html
 * jack in the box in 1993 started spread
 * more than 700 types
 * symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, kidney failure and death
 * meat at JITB was contaminated and caused injury to 600 people
 * 1993: **Cryptosporidiosis In Milwaukee:**RJ http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_09.html
 * crypto is abbreviation
 * very similar to cholera
 * must be ingested through the mouth
 * outbreak spread in miluakee. made 400,000 sick
 * water treatment plants caused outbreak
 * estimated that disease caused 96.2 million to miluakee
 * 1980s To Today: **AIDS Worldwide**:CAROLINE http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/section_07/secseven_pg_16.html
 * started in 1980's
 * once believed to have been only in homosexuals
 * transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal or anal
 * 33 million people have aids worldwide
 * no cure at this point
 * damages immune system
 * 1990s to Today: **Ebola outbreaks**:HARRISON [|http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/Spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola.htm>]
 * 2002: **SARS Outbreaks**:FAITH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome
 * china, hong kong, singapore, and canada are most infected countries
 * symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, shortness of breath
 * often mistaken for the flu
 * government did not make people aware of disease soon enough
 * disease started spread in hotel room where it grew exponentially
 * only two people in america have died
 * Present: **Avian (Bird) Flu Outbreaks**:BILL http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/outbreaks
 * typical flu symptoms
 * Thailand there was human to human spread but only within family
 * in vietnam two people got it from uncooked duck blood
 * again in indonesia it only spread in family
 * responsible for millions of poultry death every year
 * mortality rate reaches 95 to 100 percent
 * the vaccine is intended only for people 18-64
 * united states is the only country without disease
 * united states is the only country without disease